Editing Canine distemper (section)

==History==
In Europe, the first report of CDV occurred in Spain in 1761.<ref name="Appel 1972"/> [[Edward Jenner]] described the disease in 1809,<ref name="Appel 1972"/> and French veterinarian [[Henri Carré]] determined that the disease was caused by a [[virus]] in 1905.<ref name="Appel 1972">{{cite book|last1=Appel|first1=MJG|last2=Gillespie|first2=JH|title=Volume 11 of the series Virology Monographs / Die Virusforschung in Einzeldarstellungen|date=1972|publisher=Springer Vienna|location=Vienna|isbn=978-3-7091-8302-1|pages=1–96|chapter=Canine Distemper Virus}}</ref> Carré's findings were disputed by researchers in England until 1926, when [[Patrick Laidlaw]] and G.W. Dunkin confirmed that the disease was, in fact, caused by a virus.<ref name="Appel 1972"/>

The first vaccine against canine distemper was developed by the Italian Vittorio Puntoni.<ref name="Tizzard 1999">{{cite journal|last1=Tizard|first1=I|title=Grease, anthraxgate, and kennel cough: a revisionist history of early veterinary vaccines|journal=Advances in Veterinary Medicine|date=1999|volume=41|pages=7–24|pmid=9890006|doi=10.1016/S0065-3519(99)80005-6|isbn=9780120392421}}</ref> In 1923 and 1924, Puntoni published two articles in which he added [[formalin]] to brain tissue from infected dogs to create a vaccine that successfully prevented the disease in healthy dogs.<ref name="Tizzard 1999"/> A commercial vaccine was developed in 1950, yet owing to its limited use, the virus remains prevalent in many populations.<ref name=Pomeroy2008>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00239-007-9040-x |title=The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae |year=2008 |last1=Pomeroy |first1=Laura W. |last2=Bjørnstad |first2=Ottar N|last3=Holmes |first3=Edward C. |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |pmid=18217182 |pmc=3334863|bibcode=2008JMolE..66...98P }}</ref>

The domestic dog has largely been responsible for introducing canine distemper to previously unexposed wildlife and now causes a serious conservation threat to many species of [[Carnivora|carnivores]] and some species of [[marsupial]]s. The virus contributed to the near-extinction of the [[black-footed ferret]]. It also may have played a considerable role in the extinction of the [[thylacine]] (Tasmanian tiger) and recurrently causes mortality among [[African Wild Dog|African wild dogs]].<ref name="McCarthy2007"/> In 1993–1994, the lion population in the Serengeti, Tanzania, experienced a 20% decline as a result of the disease.<ref name="Assessment2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Weckworth |first1=Julie K. |last2=Davis |first2=Brian W. |last3=Dubovi |first3=Edward |last4=Fountain-Jones |first4=Nicholas |last5=Packer |first5=Craig |last6=Cleaveland |first6=Sarah |last7=Craft |first7=Meggan E. |last8=Eblate |first8=Ernest |last9=Schwartz |first9=Michael |last10=Mills |first10=L. Scott |last11=Roelke-Parker |first11=Melody |date=November 2020 |title=Cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics of canine distemper virus during a spillover in African lions of Serengeti National Park |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.15449 |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=22 |pages=4308–4321 |doi=10.1111/mec.15449 |pmid=32306443 |bibcode=2020MolEc..29.4308W |issn=0962-1083}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roelke-Parker |first1=Melody E. |last2=Munson |first2=Linda |last3=Packer |first3=Craig |last4=Kock |first4=Richard |last5=Cleaveland |first5=Sarah |last6=Carpenter |first6=Margaret |last7=O'Brien |first7=Stephen J. |last8=Pospischil |first8=Andreas |last9=Hofmann-Lehmann |first9=Regina |last10=Lutz |first10=Hans |last11=Mwamengele |first11=George L. M. |last12=Mgasa |first12=M. N. |last13=Machange |first13=G. A. |last14=Summers |first14=Brian A. |last15=Appel |first15=Max J. G. |date=February 1996 |title=A canine distemper virus epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo) |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=379 |issue=6564 |pages=441–445 |doi=10.1038/379441a0 |pmid=8559247 |issn=1476-4687|pmc=7095363 |bibcode=1996Natur.379..441R }}</ref>  The disease has also mutated into the [[phocid distemper virus|phocine distemper virus]], which affects [[Pinniped|seal]]s.<ref name="Jones1997">{{cite book|title=Veterinary Pathology|author=Jones, T.C.|author2=Hunt, R.D.|author3=King, N.W.|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=1997}}</ref>