Editing Candide (section)

== Creation ==
<!--
=== Writing ===-->
[[File:Voltaire dictionary.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.6|Engraving of [[Voltaire]] published as the frontispiece to an 1843 edition of his {{lang|fr|[[Dictionnaire philosophique]]}}]]
[[File:Moreau Monkeys crop.jpg|thumb|1803 illustration of the two monkeys chasing their lovers. Candide shoots the monkeys, thinking they are attacking the women.]]

By the time of the Lisbon earthquake, Voltaire was already a well-established author. ''Candide'' became part of his large, diverse body of philosophical, political, and artistic works expressing these views.<ref name=means>Means (2006), pp. 1–3</ref><ref name=Gopnik>Gopnik (2005)</ref> It became a model for the eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century novels called the ''[[Philosophical novel|contes philosophiques]]''. This genre included previous works of his such as ''[[Zadig]]'' and ''[[Micromegas]]''.<ref>McGhee (1943), pp. 438, 440</ref><ref>Aldridge (1975), p. 155</ref><ref>Mason (1970), pp. 19–35</ref>

<!-- check different capitalisations in title in different manuscripts -->
It is unknown exactly when Voltaire wrote ''Candide.''<ref>Wade (1959a), p. 65</ref> Scholars estimate that it was primarily composed in late 1758 and begun as early as 1757.<ref>Torrey (1929), p. 446</ref> Voltaire is believed to have written a portion of it while living at [[Les Délices]] near Geneva and also while visiting [[Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria|Charles Théodore]], the [[Electorate of the Palatinate|Elector-Palatinate]], at [[Schwetzingen]] for three weeks in the summer of 1758. Despite solid evidence for these claims, a popular legend persists that he wrote ''Candide'' in three days. This idea is probably based on a misreading of the 1885 work {{lang|fr|La Vie intime de Voltaire aux Délices et à Ferney}} by Lucien Pereyand Gaston Maugras.<ref name="wade1956" /><ref>Havens (1932), p. 225</ref>

<!--==== Manuscripts ====-->
There is only one extant manuscript of ''Candide'' that was written before the work's 1759 publication, discovered in 1956 by Wade and since named the ''La Vallière Manuscript''. It is believed to have been sent, chapter by chapter, by Voltaire to the Duke and Duchess La Vallière in the autumn of 1758.<ref name = williams123/> The manuscript was sold to the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal in the late eighteenth century, where it remained undiscovered for almost two hundred years.<ref name=rouillard>Rouillard (1962)</ref> The ''La Vallière Manuscript'', the most original and authentic of all surviving copies of ''Candide'', was probably dictated by Voltaire to his secretary, [[Jean-Louis Wagnière]], then edited directly.<ref name = wade1956/><ref>Wade (1957), p. 94</ref> In addition to this manuscript, there is believed to have been another, one copied by Wagnière for the Elector Charles-Théodore, who hosted Voltaire during the summer of 1758. The existence of this copy was first postulated by Norman L. Torrey in 1929. If it exists, it remains undiscovered.<ref name=wade1956>Wade (1956), pp. 3–4</ref><ref>Torrey (1929), pp. 445–447</ref>

<!--=== 1759 publication ===-->
Voltaire published ''Candide'' simultaneously in five countries no later than 15 January 1759, although the exact date is uncertain.<ref name = williams123/><ref>Wade (1959b), p. 182</ref> Seventeen versions of ''Candide'' from 1759, in the original French, are known today, and there has been great controversy over which is the earliest.<ref name = williams123/> More versions were published in other languages: ''Candide'' was translated once into Italian and thrice into English that same year.<ref name=davidson5253>Davidson (2005), pp. 52–53</ref> The complicated science of calculating the relative publication dates of all of the versions of ''Candide'' is described at length in Wade's article "The First Edition of ''Candide'': A Problem of Identification". The publication process was extremely secretive, probably the "most clandestine work of the century", because of the book's obviously illicit and irreverent content.<ref name = wade1959/> The greatest number of copies of ''Candide'' were published concurrently in [[Geneva]] by [[Cramer brothers|Cramer]], in [[Amsterdam]] by [[Marc-Michel Rey]], in London by Jean Nourse, and in Paris by Lambert.<ref name=wade1959>Wade (1959a), pp. 63–88</ref>

''Candide'' underwent one major revision after its initial publication, in addition to some minor ones. In 1761, a version of ''Candide'' was published that included, along with several minor changes, a major addition by Voltaire to the twenty-second chapter, a section that had been thought weak by the Duke of Vallière.<ref>Wade (1957), p. 96</ref> The English title of this edition was ''Candide, or Optimism, Translated from the German of Dr. Ralph. With the additions found in the Doctor's pocket when he died at [[Minden]], in the Year of Grace 1759.''<ref name=bair>Voltaire [1759] (1959)</ref> The last edition of ''Candide'' authorised by Voltaire was the one included in Cramer's 1775 edition of his complete works, known as {{lang|fr|l'édition encadrée}}, in reference to the border or frame around each page.<ref>Taylor (1979), p. 207</ref><ref>Williams (1997), p. 97</ref>

<!--==== Illustrations ====-->
Voltaire strongly opposed the inclusion of [[illustrations]] in his works, as he stated in a 1778 letter to the writer and publisher [[Charles Joseph Panckoucke]]:

{{Blockquote|text=''Je crois que des Estampes seraient fort inutiles. Ces colifichets n'ont jamais été admis dans les éditions de Cicéron, de Virgile et d'Horace.'' (I believe that these illustrations would be quite useless. These baubles have never been allowed in the works of [[Cicero]], [[Virgil]] and [[Horace]].)<ref name=bellhouse780>Bellhouse (2006), p. 780</ref>}}

Despite this protest, two sets of illustrations for ''Candide'' were produced by the French artist [[Jean-Michel Moreau le Jeune]]. The first version was done, at Moreau's own expense, in 1787 and included in Kehl's publication of that year, ''Oeuvres Complètes de Voltaire''.<ref name=bellhouse756>Bellhouse (2006), p. 756</ref> Four images were drawn by Moreau for this edition and were engraved by Pierre-Charles Baquoy.<ref name=bellhouse757>Bellhouse (2006), p. 757</ref> The second version, in 1803, consisted of seven drawings by Moreau which were transposed by multiple engravers.<ref name=bellhouse769>Bellhouse (2006), p. 769</ref> The twentieth-century modern artist [[Paul Klee]] stated that it was while reading ''Candide'' that he discovered his own artistic style. Klee illustrated the work, and his drawings were published in a 1920 version edited by [[Kurt Wolff (publisher)|Kurt Wolff]].<ref>Waldinger (1987), p. 23</ref>