Editing Calicut (section)

==History==
{{See also|Calicut (kingdom)}}[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
[[File:Calicut 1572.jpg|580px|thumb|Painting of [[History of Calicut|Calicut]], India titled 'Calicut, the most famous trading center of India' from [[Georg Braun]] and Frans Hogenberg's atlas ''Civitates Orbis terrarum'', 1572]]
The ancient port of [[Tyndis]], located north of [[Muziris]] as mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', is believed to have been near Calicut.<ref name="Malabar">{{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}</ref> Its exact location is a matter of dispute.<ref name="Malabar"/> The suggested locations are [[Ponnani]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Beypore]]-[[Chaliyam]]-[[Kadalundi]]-[[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Koyilandy]].<ref name="Malabar"/> Tyndis was a major center of trade, second only to [[Muziris]], between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref>Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="Malabar"/> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However   [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html |title=Ancient History Sourcebook: Pliny: Natural History 6.96-111. (On India) |date=6 November 2013 |website= |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html |archive-date=6 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was  prone to piracy.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.</ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.</ref>

In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered large parts of central Kerala after the seizure of the [[Tirunavaya]] region from [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]], which was under the control of the king of [[Kingdom of Cochin|''Perumbadappu Swaroopam'']] (Cochin). The ruler of [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from [[Kodungallur]] to [[Kochi]]. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="askh"/> During the 15th century, [[Kalaripayattu]] played a significant role in Malabar's history. Notable warriors included [[Aromal Chekavar|Puthooram Veettil Aromal Chekavar]] and his sister [[Unniyarcha]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=Tiya&pg=PA316|title = Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|isbn = 9788126003655|last1 = Ayyappa Paniker|first1 = K.|year = 1997| publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref name="unni2nn">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC|title=Kerala History and its Makers|publisher=D C Books|date=4 March 2011|isbn=978-81-264-3782-5|pages=82–86|language=en|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=My8DEAAAQBAJ&q=Chekavan&pg=PT42|title = Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus|isbn = 9780190992071|last1 = Nisha|first1 = P. R.|date = 12 June 2020| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

The port at Calicut held a superior economic and political position along the medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, [[Kollam]], and [[Kochi]] were commercially important secondary ports where traders from various parts of the world gathered.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> In the 15th century, Calicut was visited several times by ships from China, which became known as [[Ming treasure voyages]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Dreyer | first=Edward L. | title=Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433 | year=2007 | publisher=Pearson Longman | location=New York | isbn=978-0-321-08443-9 | author-link=Edward L. Dreyer|pages=30–31 & 49–50}}</ref>

Calicut was the capital of an independent kingdom ruled by the [[samoothiri]]s (Zamorins) in the Middle Ages and later of the erstwhile [[Malabar District]] under British rule. [[Arab people|Arab]] merchants traded with the region as early as 7th century, and Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] landed at Calicut on 20 May 1498,<ref>{{Cite web |title=20 May 1948: Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer lands in Calicut in India's west coast |url=https://globalpolitics.in/view_cir_articles.php?url=This%20Week%20in%20History&recordNo=1405 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Global Politics - 20 May 1948: Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer lands in Calicut in India’s west coast}}</ref> opening a trade route between Europe and India. A Portuguese [[trading post|factory]] and a fort existed in Calicut for a short period (1511–1525, until the [[Fall of Calicut (1526)|Fall of Calicut]]). The [[English East India Company|English]] landed in 1615 (constructing a trading post in 1665), followed by the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French]] (1698) and the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] (1752). In 1765, [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] captured Calicut as part of its occupation of the Malabar Coast.
[[File:Vascodagama.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Vasco da Gama]]'s arrival in Calicut in 1498 ushered in five centuries of rule of the [[Portuguese Empire]] in [[Portuguese India|India]], lasting until 1961.]]

===Early Calicut in foreign accounts===
Accounts of the city and the conditions prevailing then can be gleaned from the chronicles of travellers who visited the port city.
[[File:Uru.jpg|left|thumbnail|''[[Uru (boat)|Uru]]'', a type of ship that was historically used for maritime trade, built at [[Beypore]], Kozhikode]]
[[Ibn Battuta]] (1342–1347), who visited six times, gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city. He describes Calicut as "one of the great ports of the district of Malabar" where "merchants of all parts of the world are found here". The king of this place, he says, "is an infidel, who shaves his chin just as the Haidari Fakeers of [[Sultanate of Rum|Room]] do... The greater part of the Muslim merchants of this place are so wealthy that one of them can purchase the whole freightage of such vessels put here and fit out others like them".<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Ibn Battuta]], H. A. R. Gibb |date=1994 |volume=IV |title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta A.D 1325-1354 |location=London }}</ref>

[[Ma Huan]] (1403), a Chinese sailor who was part of the Imperial Chinese fleet under Cheng Ho ([[Zheng He]])<ref>[[Ma Huan]]: Ying Yai Sheng Lan, ''The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores'', translated by J.V.G. Mills, 1970 [[Hakluyt Society]], reprint 1997 White Lotus Press. {{ISBN|974-8496-78-3}}</ref> lauds the city as a great emporium of trade frequented by merchants from around the world. He makes note of the 20 or 30 mosques built to cater to the religious needs of the Muslims, the unique system of calculation by the merchants using their fingers and toes (followed to this day) and the matrilineal system of succession.

[[Abdur Razzaq (traveller)|Abdur Razzak]] (1442–1443), the ambassador of Persian Emperor [[Shah Rukh]] found the city's harbour perfectly secured and notices precious articles from several maritime countries, especially from [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]], Zirbad and [[Zanzibar]].

The Italian [[Niccolò de' Conti]] (1445), one of the earliest known Christian travellers to document Calicut, describes the city as abounding in pepper, lac, ginger, a larger kind of cinnamon, myrobalans and zedoary. He calls it a noble emporium for all India, with a [[circumference]] of {{convert|13|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}.

The Russian traveller Athanasius Nikitin or [[Afanasy Nikitin]] (1468–1474) calls 'Calecut' a port for the whole Indian sea and describes it as having a "big bazaar."

Other travellers who visited Calicut include the Italian [[Ludovico di Varthema]]<ref>Varthema, Ludovico di, ''The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema, A.D.1503–08'', translated from the original 1510 Italian ed. by John Winter Jones, Hakluyt Society, London</ref> (1503–1508) and [[Duarte Barbosa]].<ref>Gangadharan. M., ''The Land of Malabar: The Book of Barbosa'' (2000), Vol II, M.G University, Kottayam.</ref>

===Zamorins of Calicut===
{{main|Zamorin of Calicut}}
[[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|thumb|The path [[Vasco da Gama]] took to reach Calicut (black line) in 1498, which was also the [[Age of Discovery|discovery of a sea route]] from [[Europe]] to India, and eventually paved way for the [[Colonial India|European colonisation]] of [[Indian subcontinent]].]]
[[File:Map of Kampili kingdom.png|thumb|300px|[[India]] in early 1320 CE. Most of the parts of present-day state of Kerala was under the influence of the [[Zamorin]] of Kozhikode.]]
Calicut and its suburbs formed part of the ''Polanad'' kingdom, a vassal state of the ''[[Kolathunadu]]'' of [[North Malabar]], ruled by the ''[[Porlathiri]]''.<ref>Sreedhara Menon.A, A Survey of Kerala History(1967), p.152. D.C.Books Kottayam</ref> The [[Eradi]]s of [[Nediyiruppu]], based in [[Kondotty]] ([[Eranad]], [[Malappuram district]]), wanted an outlet to the sea to initiate trade and commerce with distant lands.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EBG2AAAAIAAJ Bhāratīya sthalanāma patrikā] (page 44) published by Place Names Society of India</ref> After a prolonged conflict with the Polathiri lasting 48 years, they conquered the area around [[Panniyankara|Panniankara]]. Following this, [[Menokki]] became the ruler of ''Polanad'' and came to terms with the local troops and people.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Sewell| first = Robert| title = Lists of inscriptions, and sketch of the dynasties of southern India| publisher = E. Keys at the Government Press| year = 1884| page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S8wOAAAAQAAJ/page/n209 197]| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S8wOAAAAQAAJ| quote = The Samoothiri made Menokki ruler of Porallatiri and came to terms with the troops and people. After this follows an account of the founding of the town of Calicut, close to the Samoothiri's palace at Tali}}</ref> 

Subsequently, the town of Calicut was founded close to the palace at Tali.<ref>{{cite book |author1=K. V. Krishna Ayyar |author2=University of Calicut. Publication Division |title=The Samorins of Calicut: from the earliest times down to A.D. 1806 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=25 July 2011 |year=1938 |publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut |isbn=978-81-7748-000-9 |page=82 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084517/https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Eradis then shifted their headquarters from Nediyiruppu to Calicut. The Governor of Ernad built a fort at Velapuram to safeguard their new territory. The fort most likely lent its name to ''Koyil Kotta,'' the precursor to Kozhikode. The city thus came into existence sometime in the 13th century.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} 

As the status of the Udaiyavar (king) increased, he became known as Swami Nambiyathiri Thirumulpad, eventually assuming the title Samuri or Samoothiri. European traders referred to this title in a corrupted form as [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

At the peak of their power, the Zamorins ruled over a region from Kollam ([[Quilon]]) to Panthalayini Kollam ([[Koyilandy]]).<ref name="Varier">Varier, M. R. Raghava. "Documents of Investiture Ceremonies" in K. K. N. Kurup, Edit., "India's Naval Traditions". Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 1997</ref><ref name="Krishna-iyer" /> Following the discovery of the sea route from Europe to Calicut in 1498, the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between [[Ormus]] and the [[Malabar Coast]], and as far south as [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]].<ref>Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 288</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author = Knox, Robert | author-link = Robert Knox (sailor) | year = 1681 | title = An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon | pages = 19–47 |publisher = Reprint. Asian Educational Services | place = London| title-link = An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon }}</ref> Some prominent [[Jenmi]]s in Calicut were engaged in [[sea]] trade and [[shipping]] as early as two centuries ago.<ref name="12n">{{cite book |last=S.N.Sadasivan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC |title=A Social History of India |publisher=APH |year=2000 |isbn=9788176481700 |page=353}}</ref>

According to historian [[K. V. Krishna Iyer|K.V. Krishna Iyer]], Kozhikode's rise was both a cause and a consequence of Zamorin's ascendancy in Kerala. By the late 15th century, the Zamorin was at the zenith of his power, with all princes and chieftains of Kerala north of Kochi acknowledging his suzerainty.<ref name="Kunjali Maraikar">{{cite web|url=http://www.kozhikode.com/history.htm|title=Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala, India - Kozhikode (Calicut) Hotels, Kozhikode (Calicut) resorts, Kozhikode (Calicut) tourism, Kozhikode (Calicut) real estate and Kozhikode (Calicut) businesses|website=Kozhikode.com|access-date=22 June 2019|archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622015007/http://www.kozhikode.com/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[S. M. Street|Sweetmeat Street]] (''Mittayi Theruvu'') was an important trading street under Zamorin's rule.

The [[First Battle of Cannanore]] in January 1502, fought between the [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|Third Portuguese Armada]] allied with the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] under [[João da Nova]] and Zamorin of [[Calicut (kingdom)|Calicut]]'s navy, marked the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="Krishna-iyer"/> The defeat of the joint fleet of the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]] [[Mahmud Begada]], the [[Burji dynasty|Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt]], and the Zamorin of Calicut with support from the [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Battle of Diu]] in February 1509 marked the beginning of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] dominance over the [[spice trade]] and the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="Krishna-iyer"/> 

Throughout the 16th century, continuous naval conflicts between the Zamorin's navy, led by [[Kunjali Marakkar]] (Fleet Admiral) and the Portuguese significantly reduced the importance of Calicut as a centre of trade. Kunjali Marakkar is credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Arun Kumar |title=Give Indian Navy its due |url=https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=11 February 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925000822/https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the early 17th century, the Zamorin expelled the Portuguese with the help of the [[Dutch East India Company]]. In 1602, the Zamorin sent envoys to [[Aceh]], promising the Dutch a fort at Calicut in exchange for their support in trade. Two factors, Hans de Wolff and Lafer, were sent from Aceh, but the two were captured by the chief of Tanur, and handed over to the Portuguese.<ref name="SanjaySubrahmanyam2">Sanjay Subrahmanyam. "The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650". Cambridge University Press, 2002</ref> 

In November 1604, a Dutch fleet under Admiral [[Steven van der Hagen]] arrived in Calicut, marking the beginning of the Dutch presence in Kerala. On 11 November 1604, the Dutch East India Company signed its first treaty with an Indian ruler, forming an alliance with Kozhikode to expel the Portuguese from Malabar.<ref name="askh" />  In return, the Dutch were granted trading rights in Calicut and [[Ponnani]], including spacious storehouses.<ref name="SanjaySubrahmanyam2" /> By this time, however, the kingdom and port of Kozhikode had lost much of their former prominence.<ref name="SanjaySubrahmanyam2" />

===British Rule===
The arrival of the [[East India Company|English]] in [[Kerala]] is documented in the year 1615, when a group under the leadership of Captain [[William Keeling]] arrived at Calicut, aboard three ships.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |date=January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-81-264-1588-5 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141403/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was in these ships that Sir [[Thomas Roe]] went to visit [[Jahangir]], the fourth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]], as an English envoy.<ref name="askh"/> In 1755, [[Travancore]] became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] in the [[battle of Purakkad]].<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en|format=pdf}}</ref> In the late 18th century, Calicut came under [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] rule after the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysorean]] conquest of [[Malabar District|Malabar]].<ref name="askh"/> The British later formed the [[Thiyyar Regiment]] to fulfill their military commitments in Malabar.<ref>L. K. A. Iyer,  ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC The Mysore Tribes and caste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411140045/https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC |date=11 April 2023 }}''. Vol.III, A Mittal Publish. Page.279, Google Books</ref><ref>Nagendra K. R. Singh,  ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcpa_T-7oVQC Global Encyclopedia of the South India Dalit's Ethnography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203235409/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcpa_T-7oVQC |date=3 February 2023 }}'' (2006) page.230, Google Books</ref><ref>L.Krishna Anandha Krishna Iyer(Divan Bahadur) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hOyqKkYi6McC The Cochin Tribes and Caste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407154252/https://books.google.com/books?id=hOyqKkYi6McC |date=7 April 2023 }}'' Vol.1. Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1962. Page. 278, Google Books</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Iyer|first=L. K. Anantha Krishna|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7757|title=The Cochin tribes and castes vol.I|date=1909|publisher=Higginbotham, Madras}}</ref>
 
Calicut was the administrative capital of the [[Malabar District]], one of the two districts on the western coast ([[Malabar Coast]]) of the [[Madras presidency]]. During British rule, Malabar's importance lay in the production of [[Malabar pepper|pepper]], [[coconut]], [[tiles]], and [[teak]].<ref>Pamela Nightingale, ‘[[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]] (bap. 1756, d. 1811)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009</ref> Kozhikode municipality was formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |title=CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014) |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107091128/http://lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis McIver |first1=G. Stokes |title=Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras |date=1883 |publisher=E.Keys at the Government Press |location=Madras |page=444 |edition=(Vol II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327063433/https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="google.co.in">{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras (India |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |date=1915 |publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press |location=Madras |page=20 |edition=Vol.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327063433/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=HENRY FROWDE, M.A. |first1=Imperial Gazetteer of India |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908–1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=New |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Post Independence===
Kozhikode Municipality was upgraded into [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]] in 1962,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Kozhikode Municipal Corporation |url=https://kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/history |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref> making it the second-oldest Municipal Corporation in the state.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}