Editing Cadbury (section)

=== 1800–1900: Early history ===
{{multiple image
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|image1 = JohnCadbury.jpg
|image2 = Cadbury ad thegraphic.jpg
|image3 = Cadbury cocoa ad 1900.jpg
|footer = Cadbury was established in 1824 by [[John Cadbury]] (far left). Two advertisements for Cadbury's cocoa in British media: (middle) piece published in ''[[The Graphic]]'', 1885; (right): 1900 illustration by [[Cecil Aldin]] for ''[[The Illustrated London News]]''
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On 4 March 1824, [[John Cadbury]], a [[Quakers|Quaker]], began selling [[tea]], [[coffee]] and drinking [[chocolate]] in Bull Street in [[Birmingham]], England.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8467833.stm |title=How did Quakers conquer the British sweet shop? |last=Jackson |first=Peter |date=20 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805190824/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8467833.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Dellheim>{{cite journal |title=The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadburys, 1861–1931 |first=Charles |last=Dellheim |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=92 |issue=1 |date=February 1987 |pages=13–44 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Historical Association]] |jstor=1862781 |doi=10.2307/1862781 |pmid=11612055}}</ref> From 1831, he moved into the production of a variety of cocoa and drinking chocolates, made in a factory in Bridge Street and sold mainly to the wealthy because of the high cost of production.<ref name=Jones>{{cite journal |first=Geoffrey |last=Jones |date=1984 |title=Multinational Chocolate: Cadbury Overseas, 1918–39 |journal=Business History |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=59–76 |doi=10.1080/00076798400000004}}</ref> In 1842, he started selling chocolate for eating, perhaps the first in Britain.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6RIAAAAYAAJ | title=The Chocolate Conscience | publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]] | author=Wagner, Gillian | author-link=Gillian Wagner | year=1987 | pages=16 | isbn=978-0-7011-2475-5 | quote=It is not known when eating chocolate was first sold in Britain. It appeared on Cadbury's price list in 1842, but the firm advertised only one brand and that appeared to have been imported from France as it was listed as 'French Eating Chocolate'.}}</ref> In 1847, John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as "Cadbury Brothers".<ref name=Jones/> In 1847, Cadbury's competitor [[J. S. Fry & Sons|Fry's]] of Bristol produced the first [[chocolate bar]] (which would be mass-produced as [[Fry's Chocolate Cream]] in 1866).<ref name="Chocolates"/> Cadbury introduced his brand of the chocolate bar in 1849, and that same year, Cadbury and Fry's chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a [[trade fair]] in [[Bingley Hall]], Birmingham.<ref>"Chocolate principles to live by". p. 159. MJF Books/Fine Communications, 2005</ref> The Cadbury brothers opened an office in London, and, in 1854, they received the [[Royal warrant of appointment (United Kingdom)|royal warrant]] as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="Royal Warrant"/> The company went into decline in the late 1850s.<ref name=Jones/>

John Cadbury's sons [[Richard Cadbury|Richard]] and [[George Cadbury|George]] took over the business in 1861.<ref name=Dellheim/> At the time of the takeover, the business was in rapid decline: the number of employees had reduced from 20 to 11, and the company was losing money.<ref name=Dellheim/> By 1866, Cadbury was profitable again.<ref name=Dellheim/> The brothers had turned around the business by moving the focus from tea and coffee to chocolate, and by increasing the quality of their products.<ref name=Dellheim/>

[[File:Cadbury Factory, Bournville - geograph.org.uk - 1266844.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Cadbury Factory, [[Bournville]] (pictured in 2009) is located on the south side of Birmingham, England]]
The firm's first major breakthrough occurred in 1866, when Richard and George introduced an improved cocoa into Britain.<ref name=Jones/> A new cocoa press developed in the Netherlands removed some of the unpalatable [[cocoa butter]] from the cocoa bean.<ref name=Jones/> The firm began exporting its products in the 1850s.<ref name=Jones/><ref>{{cite news |title=Sales by Public Auction |work=Supplement to The South Australian Register |location=Adelaide, Australia |date=8 February 1853 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38465051 |quote=3 cases Cadbury 's Cocoa and Chocolate |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729170652/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/38465051 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1861, the company created Fancy Boxes (a decorated box of chocolates) and, in 1868, they were sold in boxes in the shape of a heart for [[Valentine's Day]].<ref name="Chocolates">{{cite book |last=Mintz |first=Sidney |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199313396 |page=157}}</ref><ref name="Guinness">{{cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2017 |date=8 September 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&dq=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90 |publisher=Guinness World Records |page=90 |isbn=9781910561348 |quote=[[Richard Cadbury]], eldest son of John Cadbury who founded the now iconic brand, was the first chocolate-maker to commercialize the association between confectionery and romance, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for Valentine's Day in 1868 |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110231442/https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&dq=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday.<ref name="Chocolates"/>

Cadbury manufactured their first [[Easter egg]] in 1875, creating the modern chocolate Easter egg after developing a pure cocoa butter that could be moulded into smooth shapes.<ref name="Easter">{{cite news |title=Amazing archive images show how Cadbury cracked Easter egg market |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/nostalgia/easter-2015-amazing-archive-images-8963621 |access-date=21 May 2019 |work=Birmingham Mail |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809002239/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/nostalgia/easter-2015-amazing-archive-images-8963621 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1893, Cadbury had 19 different varieties of chocolate Easter egg on sale.<ref name="Easter"/>

In 1878, the brothers decided to build new premises in countryside {{convert|4|mile|spell=in}} from Birmingham.<ref name=Dellheim/> The move to the countryside was unprecedented in business.<ref name=Dellheim/> Better transport access for milk that was shipped inward by [[canal]], and cocoa that was brought in by rail from London, Southampton and Liverpool docks was taken into consideration. With the development of the [[Birmingham West Suburban Railway]] along the path of the [[Worcester and Birmingham Canal]], they acquired the Bournbrook estate, comprising {{convert|14.5|acre|ha}} of countryside south of Birmingham. Located next to the [[Bournville railway station|Stirchley Street railway station]], which itself was opposite the canal, they renamed the estate [[Bournville]] and opened the Bournville factory in 1879.<ref>{{cite news |title=Timeline: Cadbury's long history |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8467489.stm |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218171653/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8467489.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1891, the Cadbury brothers filed a patent for a [[Chocolate biscuit|chocolate-coated biscuit]].<ref>{{cite news |title=History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

In 1893, George Cadbury bought {{convert|120|acre}} of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a [[model village]] which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'. By 1900, the estate included 314 cottages and houses set on {{convert|330|acre}} of land. As the Cadbury family were [[Quakers]], there were no [[pub]]s in the estate.<ref name=Dellheim/>

In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of [[milk chocolate]] bars.<ref name=Fitzgerald2005>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Fitzgerald |date=2005 |title=Products, Firms and Consumption: Cadbury and the Development of Marketing, 1900–1939 |journal=Business History |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=511–531 |doi=10.1080/00076790500132977 |s2cid=154421535}}</ref> In 1899, Cadbury was incorporated as a [[Private company limited by shares|private limited company]] at the [[Companies House]] in London.<ref name=Fitzgerald2005/>