Editing Cadaver monument (section)

==Countries==
===France===
[[Image:Le Transi de René de Chalon (Ligier Richier).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Cadaver Tomb of René of Chalon|Cadaver monument of René de Chalon]], Church of St. Étienne, [[Bar-le-Duc]], France, by [[Ligier Richier]]]]

France has a long history of cadaver monuments, though not as many examples or varieties survive as in England. One of the earliest and anatomically convincing examples is the gaunt cadaver effigy of the medieval physician [[Guillaume de Harsigny]] (d. 1393) at [[Laon]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Monument of the month – Church Monuments Society|url=https://churchmonumentssociety.org/monument-of-the-month|access-date=2020-10-17|website=churchmonumentssociety.org}}</ref> Another early example is the effigy on the multi-layered wall-monument of Cardinal [[Jean de La Grange]] (died 1402) in Avignon. Kathleen Cohen lists many further extant examples. A revival of the form occurred in the Renaissance, as testified by the two examples to Louis XII and his wife Anne of Brittany at Saint-Denis, and of Queen [[Catherine de' Medici]] who commissioned a cadaver monument for her husband [[Henry II of France|Henry II]].

===England===
The earliest known ''transi'' monument is the very faint matrix (i.e. indent) of a now lost monumental brass shrouded demi-effigy on the [[ledger stone]] slab commemorating "John the Smith" (c.1370) at St Bartholomew’s Church in [[Brightwell Baldwin]] in Oxfordshire.<ref>The Brightwell Baldwin slab is discussed by Sally Badham in her essay "Monumental brasses and the Black Death – a reappraisal', ''Antiquaries Journal'', 80 (2000), 225–226.</ref> In the 15th century the sculpted ''transi'' effigy made its appearance in England.<ref>Pamela King examines the phenomenon of English cadaver tombs in her essay "The cadaver tomb in the late fifteenth century: some indications of a Lancastrian connection", in ''Dies Illa: Death in the Middle Ages: Proceedings of the 1983 Manchester Colloquium'', Jane H. M. Taylor, ed.</ref> Cadaver monuments survive in many English [[cathedral]]s and [[parish church]]es. The earliest surviving one is in [[Lincoln Cathedral]], to Bishop [[Richard Fleming (bishop)|Richard Fleming]] who founded [[Lincoln College, Oxford]] and died in 1431. [[Canterbury Cathedral]] houses the well-known cadaver monument to [[Henry Chichele]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (died 1443) and in [[Exeter Cathedral]] survives the 16th-century monument and [[chantry chapel]] of Precentor Sylke, inscribed in Latin: "I am what you will be, and I was what you are. Pray for me I beseech you." [[Winchester Cathedral]] has two cadaver monuments. [[Exeter Cathedral]] has an example.

The cadaver monument traditionally identified as that of [[John Wakeman]], Abbot of Tewkesbury from 1531 to 1539, survives in [[Tewkesbury Abbey]]. Following the [[dissolution of the monasteries]], he retired and later became the first [[Bishop of Gloucester]]. The monument, with vermin crawling on a sculpted skeletal corpse, may have been prepared for him, but his body was in fact buried at [[Forthampton]] in Gloucestershire.

A rarer, modern type is the standing, shrouded effigy type exemplified by the tomb of the poet [[John Donne]] (d. 1631) in the crypt of [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in London.<ref name="auto"/> Similar examples from the Early Modern period signify faith in the [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]].<ref>Jean Wilson, "Go for Baroque: The Bruce Mausoleum at Maulden, Bedfordshire", ''Church Monuments'', 22 (2007), 66–95.</ref>

===Italy===
Cadaver monuments are found in many Italian churches. [[Andrea Bregno]] sculpted several of them, including those of Cardinal [[Alain de Coëtivy]] in [[Santa Prassede]], Ludovico Cardinal d'Albert at [[Santa Maria in Ara Coeli]] and Bishop Juan Díaz de Coca in [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]] in Rome.<ref name=Leader1882>{{cite book |title=Ghiberti and Donatello with Other Early Italian Sculptors |url=https://archive.org/details/ghibertianddona01scotgoog |last=Scott |first=Leader |author-link=Leader Scott |year=1882 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ghibertianddona01scotgoog/page/n40 27]–50}}</ref> Three other prominent monuments are those of Cardinal [[Matthew of Acquasparta|Matteo d'Acquasparta]] in Santa Maria in Ara Coeli and those of Bishop Gonsalvi (1298) and of Cardinal Gonsalvo (1299) in [[Santa Maria Maggiore]], all sculpted by [[Giovanni de Cosma]],<ref name=Leader1882 /> the youngest of the [[Cosmati]] family lineage. [[St. Peter's Basilica|St Peter’s Basilica]] in Rome contains the [[List of extant papal tombs|tomb of Pope Innocent III]], sculpted by [[Giovanni Pisano]].<ref name=Leader1882 />

===Germany and the Netherlands===
Many cadaver monuments and [[ledger stones]] survive in Germany and the Netherlands. An impressive example is the 16th-century Van Brederode double-decker monument at Vianen near Utrecht, which depicts Reynoud van Brederode (d. 1556) and his wife Philippote van der Marck (d. 1537) as shrouded figures on the upper level, with a single verminous cadaver below.

=== Ireland ===
[[File:Cadaver stone in St. Peter's churchyard, Drogheda, Ireland.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|Cadaver stone of Sir Edmond Goldyng and his wife, in [[Drogheda]], Ireland]]
A total of 11 cadaver monuments have been recorded in Ireland, many of which are no longer [[in situ]]. The earliest complete record of these monuments was compiled by [[Helen M. Roe]] in 1969.<ref>Roe (1969), pp. 1–3</ref> One of the best known examples of this tradition is the monumental limestone slab known as "The Modest Man", dedicated to Thomas Ronan (d. 1554), and his wife Johanna Tyrry (d. 1569), now situated in the [[Christ Church, Cork|Triskel Christchurch]] in Cork. This is one of two examples recorded in Cork, with the second residing in [[Church of St Multose]] in Kinsale.
A variant is in the form of Cadaver Stones, which lack any sculpted superstructure or canopy. These may merely be sculptural elements removed from more elaborate now lost monuments, as is the case with the stone of Sir Edmond Goldyng and his wife Elizabeth Fleming, which in the early part of the 16th century was built into the churchyard wall of [[St. Peter's Church of Ireland, Drogheda]].<ref>Roe (1969), p. 4</ref>