Editing CMOS (section)

== Technical details ==
{{See|Semiconductor manufacturing processes}}

"CMOS" refers to both a particular style of digital circuitry design and the family of processes used to implement that circuitry on integrated circuits (chips). CMOS circuitry dissipates [[Low-power electronics|less power]] than [[logic family|logic families]] with resistive loads. Since this advantage has increased and grown more important, CMOS processes and variants have come to dominate, thus the vast majority of modern integrated circuit manufacturing is on CMOS processes.<ref>{{cite book |title=CMOS: circuit design, layout, and simulation |last=Baker |first=R. Jacob |year=2008 |publisher=Wiley-IEEE |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-470-22941-5 |page=xxix}}</ref> CMOS logic consumes around one seventh the power of [[NMOS logic]],<ref name="shmj"/> and about 10 million times less power than bipolar [[transistor-transistor logic]] (TTL).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Higgins |first1=Richard J. |title=Electronics with digital and analog integrated circuits |date=1983 |publisher=[[Prentice-Hall]] |isbn=9780132507042 |page=[https://archive.org/details/electronicswithd0000higg/page/101 101] |url=https://archive.org/details/electronicswithd0000higg |url-access=registration |quote=The dominant difference is power: CMOS gates can consume about 100,000 times less power than their TTL equivalents!}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stephens |first1=Carlene |last2=Dennis |first2=Maggie |title=Engineering Time: Inventing the Electronic Wristwatch |journal=[[The British Journal for the History of Science]] |date=2000 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=477–497 (485) |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=http://ieee-uffc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/step.pdf#page=11 |issn=0007-0874 |doi=10.1017/S0007087400004167 |access-date=2019-11-10 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035923/http://ieee-uffc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/step.pdf#page=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

CMOS circuits use a combination of p-type and n-type [[MOSFET|metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor]] (MOSFETs) to implement [[logic gate]]s and other digital circuits. Although CMOS logic can be implemented with discrete devices for demonstrations, commercial CMOS products are integrated circuits composed of up to billions of transistors of both types, on a rectangular piece of [[silicon]] of often between 10 and 400&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup>.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

CMOS always uses all [[enhancement-mode]] MOSFETs (in other words, a zero gate-to-source voltage turns the transistor off).<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is CMOS?|url=https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/server/know-how/what-is-cmos/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=IONOS Digitalguide|date=8 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>