Editing Cádiz (section)

==History==
[[File:MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG|thumb|Phoenician sarcophagi (400–470&nbsp;BC) found in Cádiz, thought to have been imported from the Phoenician homeland around [[Sidon]] (now in the [[Museum of Cádiz]])<ref>A. B. Freijeiro, R. Corzo Sánchez, Der neue anthropoide Sarkophag von Cadiz. In: Madrider Mitteilungen 22, 1981.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spainisculture.com/en/obras_de_excelencia/museo_de_cadiz/sarcofagos_fenicios_antropoides_masculino_y_femenino.html|title=Phoenician anthropoid sarcophagi, male (around 450-400 BC) and female (around 470 BC), Cadiz Museum, Cádiz, Cadiz|website=Spain is culture|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref>]]
{{see also|Timeline of Cádiz}}

=== Foundation and early history under the Phoenicians ===
Founded as ''Gadir'' or ''Agadir'' by [[Phoenicia]]ns from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=R. Bierling|first1=Marilyn|last2=Gitin|first2=Seymour|date=2002|title=The Phoenicians in Spain : An Archaeological Review of the Eighth-sixth Centuries B.C.E. : a Collection of Articles Translated from Spanish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKISiDr6CnMC|location=|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|page=155|isbn=9781575060569}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Eugenia Aubet Semmler|first=María|date=2022|chapter=Tyre and its colonial expansion|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOXgEAAAQBAJ|location= |publisher=Oxford University Press|page=77|isbn=9780197654422}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Álvarez-Martí-Aguilar|first=Manuel|date=2022|chapter=The Gadir-Tyre Axis|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOXgEAAAQBAJ|location= |publisher=Oxford University Press|page=619|isbn=9780197654422}}</ref> Cádiz is often regarded as the most ancient city still standing in Western Europe.<ref name = "edad1">''Espinosa, Pedro'' (2007). '''EL PAIS'''. [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Hallado/Cadiz/muro/3000/anos/elpepucul/20070930elpepicul_7/Tes Hallado en Cádiz un muro de 3.000 años]</ref> The city was an important trading hub founded to access different metals including gold, tin, and especially silver.<ref name="Gitin2002"/> The Phoenicians established a port in the 7th century&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Krensky |first=Stephen |title=Who Really Discovered America? |publisher=[[Scholastic Inc.]] |others=Illustrated by Steve Sullivan |year=1987 |isbn=0-590-40854-2 |page=30}}</ref>

Traditionally, Cádiz's founding is dated to {{circa}} 1100 BC,<ref>[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''Hist. Rom.'' I.2.1-3.</ref> although no archaeological strata on the site can be dated earlier than the 9th century BC. One resolution for this discrepancy has been to assume that Gadir was merely a small seasonal trading post in its earliest days.

Ancient Gadir occupied two small islands—Erytheia, primarily a settlement, and Kotinoussa, hosting cemeteries and sanctuaries outside the urban area—situated near the mouth of River Guadalete.<ref name="PérezLópez-Ruiz2016">{{cite book |last1=Pérez |first1=Sebastián Celestino |last2=López-Ruiz |first2=Carolina |title=Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967274-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Va1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |pages=140–141}}</ref> Presently, these islands are interconnected. While the ancient ruins of Gadir beneath modern Cádiz's historical center remain largely unexcavated, excavations have been carried out in the southern cemeteries.

By the 6th century BC, disturbances within Phoenicia itself, notably the [[Siege of Tyre (586–573 BC)|fall of Tyre]] to the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonians]] (573 BC), led to the end of Phoenician control over southern Iberia. This vacuum was later filled by [[ancient Carthage]], which rose as a predominant power in the region during subsequent eras.<ref name="PérezLópez-Ruiz2016 147">{{cite book |last1=Pérez |first1=Sebastián Celestino |last2=López-Ruiz |first2=Carolina |title=Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967274-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Va1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |pages=147–148}}</ref>

=== Part of the Carthaginian Empire ===
The expeditions of [[Himilco]] around Spain and France and of [[Hanno the Navigator|Hanno]] around Western Africa began there. The Phoenician settlement traded with [[Tartessos]], a city-state whose exact location remains unknown but is thought to have been somewhere near the mouth of the [[Guadalquivir River]].
{{See also|Temple of Hercules Gaditanus}}
One of the city's notable features during antiquity was the temple on the south end of its island dedicated to the Phoenician god [[Melqart]], who was conflated with [[Hercules]] by the Greeks and Romans under the names "Tyrian Hercules" and "Hercules Gaditanus". It had an oracle and was famed for its wealth.<ref name=willsmith/> In [[Greek mythology]], Hercules was sometimes credited with founding ''Gadeira'' after performing his [[labors of Hercules|tenth labor]], the slaying of [[Geryon]], a monster with three heads and torsos joined to a single pair of legs. (A [[tumulus]] near Gadeira was associated with Geryon's final resting-place.<ref>''[[Apollonius of Tyana|Life of Apollonius of Tyana]]'', v. 5.</ref>) According to the ''[[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]]'', the "Heracleum" (i.e., the temple of Melqart) was still standing during the 1st century. Some historians, based in part on this source, believe that the columns of this temple were the origin of the myth of the "[[pillars of Hercules]]".<ref>From the ''Life of [[Apollonius of Tyana]]'': " ... the pillars in the temple were made of gold and silver smelted together so as to be of one color, and they were over a cubit high, of square form, resembling anvils; and their capitals were inscribed with letters which were neither Egyptian nor Indian nor of any kind which he could decipher. But Apollonius, since the priests would tell him nothing, remarked: 'Heracles of Egypt does not permit me not to tell all I know. These pillars are ties between earth and ocean, and they were inscribed by Heracles in the house of the Fates, to prevent any discord arising between the elements, and to save their mutual affection for one another from violation.{{'"}}</ref>

[[File:Estatuillas votivas del templo de Hércules Gaditano.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Votive statues of Melqart-Hercules from the Islote de Sancti Petri]]

The city fell under the sway of [[Carthage]] during [[Hamilcar Barca]]'s Iberian campaign after the [[First Punic War]]. Cádiz became a depot for [[Hannibal]]'s conquest of southern [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and he sacrificed there to Hercules/Melqart before setting off on his famous journey in 218&nbsp;BC to cross the Alps and invade Italy.<ref>Livy, 21.21.</ref> Later the city fell to [[Roman Republic|Romans]] under [[Scipio Africanus]] in 206&nbsp;BC.<ref>Livy (epitome) 33.</ref>

=== Under Rome's rule ===
Under the [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], the city flourished as a port and naval base known as ''Gades''. [[Suetonius]] relates how Julius Caesar, when visiting Gades as a [[quaestor]] (junior senator), saw a statue of Alexander the Great there and was saddened to think that he himself, though the same age, had still achieved nothing memorable.<ref>Suetonius, Divi Iuli, ''Vita Divi Iuli'' 7.</ref>
[[File:Gadeiras314.svg|thumb|right|The Bay of Cádiz in antiquity featuring a notably different coastline.]]
The people of Gades had an alliance with Rome and [[Julius Caesar]] bestowed [[Roman citizenship]] on all its inhabitants in 49&nbsp;BC.<ref name=willsmith/> By the time of [[Augustus]]'s census, Cádiz was home to more than five hundred ''[[equites]]'' (members of the wealthy upper class), a concentration rivaled only by [[Patavium]] ([[Padua]]) and [[Rome]] itself.<ref>[[Strabo]]. ''Geography''.</ref> It was the principal city of the [[Colonies in antiquity|Roman colony]] of Augusta Urbs Julia Gaditana. An [[Aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]] provided fresh water to the town, the island's supply being poor, running across open sea for its last leg. However, Roman Gades was never very large. It consisted only of the northwest corner of the present island, and most of its wealthy citizens maintained estates outside of it on the [[Castle of San Sebastián (Cádiz)|nearby island]] or on the mainland.<ref name=willsmith>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Smith |first1=Philip |editor1=William Smith |editor1-link=William Smith (lexicographer)|title=Gades (-ium; also Gadis, and Gaddis) |date=1854 |publisher=Little, Brown & Co. |location=Boston |pages=923–925 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_aAkFAAAAYAAJ/page/922/mode/2up |encyclopedia =Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography |volume=1: ABACAENUM — HYTANIS |series=(In two volumes)}}</ref> The lifestyle maintained on the estates led to the [[Puellae gaditanae|Gaditan dancing girls]] (the {{lang|la|puellae gaditanae}}) becoming famous throughout the ancient world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fear |first1=A. T. |title=The Dancing Girls of Cadiz |journal=Greece & Rome |date=1991 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=75–79 |jstor=643110 |issn=0017-3835}}</ref>

Although it is not in fact the most westerly city in the Spanish peninsula, for the Romans Cádiz had that reputation. The poet [[Juvenal]] begins his famous tenth satire with the words: ''Omnibus in terris quae sunt a Gadibus usque Auroram et Gangen'' ('In all the lands which exist from Gades as far as Dawn and the Ganges ...').<ref>Juvenal, ''Satires'', 10.1-2.</ref>

=== Switching hands in later antiquity ===
The [[Military history of Spain#The collapse of Rome and barbarian invasions|overthrow of Roman power]] in [[Hispania Baetica]] by the [[Visigoths]] in the AD 400s saw the destruction of the original city, of which few traces remain today. The site was later reconquered by Justinian in 551 as part of the Byzantine province of [[Spania]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=J. A. S.|title=New Catholic Encyclopedia|date=2003|publisher=Gale|location=Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor|pages=95–102|edition=2nd|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CCX3407706178&it=r&asid=597495c9e192f0c69fe38330c92441cd|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> It would remain Byzantine until [[Leovigild]]'s reconquest in 572 returned it to the Visigothic Kingdom.

=== Al-Andalus ===
Under [[Moors|Moorish]] rule between 711 and 1262, the city was called ''Qādis'', whence the modern [[Spanish naming customs|Spanish]] name was derived. A famous Muslim legend developed concerning an "[[Idol of Cadiz|idol]]" (''sanam Qādis'') over 100 [[cubit]]s tall on the outskirts of Cádiz whose magic blocked the [[strait of Gibraltar]] with contrary winds and currents; its destruction by [[Abd-al-Mumin]] {{circa|lk=no|1145}} supposedly permitted ships to sail through the strait once more. It also appeared (as ''Salamcadis'') in the 12th-century [[Turpin (archbishop of Rheims)|Pseudo-Turpin]]'s [[Historia Caroli Magni|history of Charlemagne]], where it was considered a statue of [[Muhammad]] and thought to warn the Muslims of Christian invasion.<ref>Archbishop Turpin (ascribed). Thomas Rodd, translator (1812). ''History of Charles the Great and Orlando'', [https://archive.org/details/historycharlesg00roddgoog/page/n20 p. 6]. London: James Compton. Accessed 23 July 2013.</ref> Classical sources are entirely silent on such a structure, but it has been conjectured that the origin of the legend was the ruins of a navigational aid constructed in [[late antiquity]].<ref name=atat>{{cite journal |last1=Fear |first1=A. T. |title=The Tower of Cádiz |date= 1990 |journal=Faventia: Revista de Filologia Clàssica |volume=12–13 (1990–1991) |pages=199–211 |issn=2014-850X |url=https://raco.cat/index.php/Faventia/article/view/50753}} [https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/faventia/02107570v12-13/02107570v12-13p199.pdf PDF link]</ref> Abd-al-Mumin (or Admiral Ali ibn-Isa ibn-Maymun) found that the idol was gilded bronze rather than pure gold, but coined what there was to help fund his revolt.<ref>Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Makkari. Pascual De Gauangos, ed. & translator (2002). ''The History of the Mohammadan Dynasties in Spain''. Vol. I, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hxkigx8ACfQC&pg=PA78 p. 78]. Routledge Accessed 23 July 2013.</ref> In 1217, according to the ''[[De itinere Frisonum]]'' the city was raided by a group of [[Frisians|Frisian]] crusaders en route to the [[Holy Land]] who burned it and destroyed its congregational mosque.<ref>Villegas-Aristizábal, Lucas, "A Frisian Perspective on Crusading in Iberia as Part of the Sea Journey to the Holy Land, 1217–1218," ''Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History'', 3rd Series 15 (2018, Pub. 2021): 88-149. eISBN 978-0-86698-876-6</ref> The Moors were ousted by [[Alphonso X]] of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] in 1262.

Historically, there was a [[Jewish]] community living in Cádiz under Muslim rule.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cádiz, Spain |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/cdiz |website=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Post-1492 ===
During the [[Age of Exploration]], the city experienced a renaissance. [[Christopher Columbus]] sailed from Cádiz on his [[voyages of Christopher Columbus|second and fourth voyages]] and the city later became the home port of the [[Spanish treasure fleet]]. Consequently, it became a major target of Spain's enemies. The 16th century saw a series of failed raids by [[Barbary corsairs]]; the greater part of the old town was consumed in a major fire in 1569; and in April 1587 a [[Drake's 1587 expedition|raid]] by the Englishman [[Francis Drake]] occupied the harbor for three days, captured six ships, and destroyed 31 others (an event which became known in England as "the Singeing of the [[Philip II of Spain|King of Spain]]'s Beard"). The attack delayed the sailing of the [[Spanish Armada]] by a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ulm/history/eng_armada.htm |title=The Defeat of the English Armada and the 16th-Century Spanish Naval Resurgence |author=Wes Ulm |publisher=Harvard University personal website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040207123748/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ulm/history/eng_armada.htm |archive-date=7 February 2004 |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Francisco de Zurbarán 014.jpg|thumb|left|''Defense of Cádiz against the English'', by [[Francisco de Zurbarán]], 1634 (Prado Museum, Madrid)]]

The city suffered a still more serious [[Capture of Cádiz|attack in 1596]], when it was captured by an Anglo-Dutch fleet, this time under the Earls [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex|of Essex]] and [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Nottingham]]. 32 Spanish ships were destroyed and the city was captured, looted and occupied for almost a month. Finally, when the royal authorities refused to pay a ransom demanded by the English for returning the city intact, they burned much of it before leaving with their booty. A third English raid was mounted against the city in 1625 by [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], and [[Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon|Edward Cecil]], but the attempt was unsuccessful. During the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]], [[Admiral Robert Blake]] blockaded Cádiz from 1655 to 1657. In the [[Battle of Cádiz (1702)|1702 Battle of Cádiz]], the English attacked again under [[Sir George Rooke|George Rooke]] and [[James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde]], but they were repelled after a costly siege.

In the 18th century, the [[sand bar]]s of the [[Guadalquivir]] forced the Spanish government to transfer its [[Hispanic America|America]]n trade from [[Seville]] to Cádiz, which now commanded better access to the Atlantic. Although the [[Spanish Empire|empire]] itself was declining, Cádiz now experienced another golden age because of its new importance, and many of today's historic buildings in the Old City date from this era. It became one of Spain's greatest and most cosmopolitan cities and home to trading communities from many countries, chief among which were the French and Anglo-Irish.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A description of the Irish in Seville merchants of the eighteenth century |journal=	Irish Migration Studies in Latin America |year=2007 |last1=Gamero Rojas |first1=Mercedes |last2=Fernandez Chaves |first2=Manuel Francisco |pages=106–111 |issn=1661-6065}}</ref> Irish Catholics were prohibited by the [[Penal laws (Ireland)|penal laws]] from owning land or entering a profession in Ireland, whereas in Spain they were as Catholics permitted to trade more freely than the English.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-irish-who-settled-in-cadiz-1.335733 |title=The Irish who settled in Cadiz |newspaper=The Irish Times |publisher=The Irish Times DAC |date=6 November 2001 |accessdate=21 May 2024 }}</ref>

On 12 October 1778, the right to trade with the Americas was expanded to most ports of mainland Spain, bringing the monopoly of trade hitherto enjoyed by the Port of the Bay of Cádiz to an end.<ref>{{Cite journal|issue=21–22|publisher=[[University of Cádiz|Editorial UCA]]|location=Cádiz|journal=Trocadero|title=Cádiz, su puerto y su bahía: la aplicación de las leyes de libre comercio|year=2010|doi=10.25267/Trocadero.2010.i21.i22.14|first=Mª. del Mar|last=Barrientos García|page=238|hdl=10498/14494 |url=https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/trocadero/article/view/821/1761|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Cádiz was [[Blockade of Cádiz (1797)|blockaded by the British]] from 1797 until the [[Peace of Amiens]] in 1802 and again from 1803 until the outbreak of the [[Peninsular War]] in 1808. In that war, it was one of the few Spanish cities to hold out against the invading French and their candidate [[Joseph Bonaparte]]. Cádiz then became the seat of Spain's military high command and [[Cortes of Cádiz|Cortes]] (parliament) for the duration of the war. It was here that the liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]] was proclaimed. The citizens revolted in 1820 to secure a renewal of this constitution and the revolution spread successfully until [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] was imprisoned in Cádiz. [[Military of France|French forces]] secured the release of Ferdinand in the 1823 [[Battle of Trocadero]] and suppressed liberalism for a time. In 1868, Cádiz was once again the seat of a revolution, resulting in the eventual abdication and exile of Queen [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]]. The Cortes of Cádiz decided to reinstate the monarchy under King [[Amadeo of Spain|Amadeo]] just two years later.

In recent years{{When |date=July 2023}}, the city has undergone much reconstruction. Many monuments, cathedrals, and [[landmark]]s have been cleaned and restored.