Editing Busan (section)

==History==
The area that Busan now occupies was inhabited during the [[Neolithic]] period. Artifacts dating to this period discovered near the coast include stone tools, pottery, sea shells, and animal bones. Fishing was a primary food source for people of this period. [[Bronze Age]] artifacts have been uncovered further inland. By this period, agriculture was practiced.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=김 |first=기혁 |script-title=ko:부산광역시 (釜山廣域市) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0024209 |access-date=2024-06-26 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626013707/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0024209 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Around the first century, a chiefdom called Koch'ilsan-guk ({{Korean|hangul=거칠산국|hanja=居漆山國|labels=no}}) existed around what is now [[Dongnae District]].<ref name=":0" /> At some point, it was absorbed by [[Silla]] and made an administrative division called Koch'ilsan-gun ({{Korean|hangul=거칠산군|hanja=居漆山郡|labels=no}}). In 757, it was renamed Dongnae-gun ({{Korean|hangul=동래군|labels=no}}). In 835, the Buddhist temple [[Beomeosa]] was founded in the area.<ref name=":0" />

In the [[Goryeo]] period (918–1392), the local {{Ill|Dongnae Jeong clan|ko|동래 정씨}} became a prominent presence in Korean politics. By this point, Dongnae's hot springs became famous, and have been attested to in writings of this period.<ref name=":0" /> By the end of the period, raids from ''[[wokou]]'' (Japanese pirates) intensified. One such invasion occurred in 1396. To defend against this, the fortress [[Dongnaeeupseong]] was established in the area.<ref name=":0" />

In 1423, the [[port of Busan]] ({{Korean|hangul=부산포|labels=no}}) and a ''[[Waegwan (enclave)|waegwan]]'' (Japanese concession community) were established.<ref name=":0" /> During the reign of King [[Sejong the Great]] (r. 1418–1450), the population in Dongnae-hyeon was reportedly 2,416 people in 290 households. In Dongpyeong-hyeon, it was 627 people in 108 households. The ''waegwan'' was closed in 1510, but reopened in 1512.<ref name=":0" />

During the 1592–1598 [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Japanese invasions of Korea]], various fortresses in the area defended Busan against the invasion. Fortresses included [[Busanjinseong]], {{Ill|Dadaeposeong|ko|다대포성지}}, and Dongnaeeupseong. Civilians formed [[righteous armies]] (volunteer militias) and joined in the fight.<ref name=":0" /> After the [[Siege of Busanjin|siege and capture of Busanjin]] in 1592, most of Busanjin's Korean prisoners and civilians were massacred.<ref>{{citation|last=Hawley|first=Samuel|year=2005|title=The Imjin War|publisher=The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch/UC Berkeley Press|page=142|isbn=978-89-954424-2-5}}</ref> After the war, diplomatic relations with the new [[shogunate]] in Japan were established in 1607, and Busan was permitted to be reconstructed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1605, the shrine Songgongsa was built to honor those who died defending Korea during the invasions. The shrine was dubbed [[Chungnyeolsa (Busan)|Chungnyeolsa]] in 1624. In 1607, a ''waegwan'' was reestablished in Dumopo ({{Korean|hangul=두모포|hanja=豆毛浦|labels=no}}); in 1678 it was moved to Choryang ({{Korean|hangul=초량|hanja=草梁|labels=no}}; now around [[Yongdusan Park|Yongdusan]]).<ref name=":0" /> In 1763, Busan became the first place in Korea to have [[sweet potato]]es, which arrived from [[Tsushima Island]] in Japan. In 1759, the population was reportedly 25,753 people in 6,657 households.<ref name=":0" />

In 1876, Busan became the first international port in Korea under the terms of the [[Treaty of Ganghwa]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1877, a concession was established in Busan, and consulates of Japan, [[Qing dynasty|Qing]], and the United Kingdom were established. In 1883, the port was opened, and a [[Busan Customs Office]] ({{Korean|hangul=부산해관|hanja=釜山海關|labels=no}}) was established.<ref name=":0" /> In 1895, Dongnae-bu was made part of [[South Gyeongsang Province]]. It was demoted to a ''gun'' in 1903, and made a ''bu'' again in 1906. After the beginning of the 1910–1945 [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial period]], in 1914 it was made a ''gun'' again. In 1908, Busan was connected to the [[Gyeongbu Line]] via [[Busan station]]. In 1909, a ferry service was opened between Busan and [[Shimonoseki]] in Japan. In 1914, Dongnae-bu was reorganized into Busan-bu. In 1915, a tram was opened between Busanjin and the {{Ill|Dongnae Hot Springs|ko|동래온천}}. The following year, the city tram opened.''<ref name=":0" />''

During the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]], Busan developed into a hub trading port with Japan. Busan was the only city in Korea to adopt the steam [[tram]]way before [[electrification]] was introduced in 1924.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dn-SBgAAQBAJ&q=steam+tramway+busan |title=The History of Korean Railway by Photographs |date=19 November 2014 |publisher=길잡이미디어 |isbn=9788955036541 |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727062731/https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=dn-SBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=steam+tramway+busan&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji4pmbmsPbAhXIVbwKHSXXCJEQ6AEIQTAE |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Korean War]], Busan was one of only two cities in South Korea not captured by the [[North Korean army]] within the first three months of the war, the other being [[Daegu]]. As a result, the cities became [[refugee camp]] sites for Koreans during the war. According to ''[[The Korea Times]]'', around 500,000 refugees were located in Busan in early 1951.<ref>{{cite web |first=Andrei |last=Lankov | author-link = Andrei Lankov|date=2010-01-31 |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2010/02/113_60003.html |access-date=2015-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607135538/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2010/02/113_60003.html |archive-date=2015-06-07 |title=January 1951: Life of Korean War Refugees in Busan |work=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref>

As Busan was one of the few areas in Korea that remained under the control of South Korea throughout the [[Korean War]], for some time it served as a ''de facto''  capital of South Korea.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} UN troops established a defensive perimeter around the city known as the [[Pusan Perimeter]] in the summer and fall of 1950. Since then, the city has been a self-governing metropolis and has built a strong urban character.

In 1963, Busan separated from [[South Gyeongsang Province]] to become the first {{ill|Directly Governed City|ko|직할시}} of South Korea. In 1983, the provincial capital of Gyeongsangnam-do was moved from Busan to [[Changwon]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}