Editing Bucharest (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Bucharest}}
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Nicolae Ionescu - Victory Avenue in 1923, Sunday at noon.jpg|thumb|Bucharest in 1923 during Romania's golden age, the interwar period]]
[[File:Hotel Continental - Calea Victoriei.jpg|thumb|Often compared to the [[Champs-Élysées]], the current [[Calea Victoriei]] becomes a [[pedestrian zone]] on the weekend.]]
Bucharest's history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements in [[classical antiquity|antiquity]] until its consolidation as the national capital of [[Romania]] late in the 19th century. First mentioned as the '[[Citadel]] of București' in 1459, it became the residence of the ruler of Wallachia, Voivode [[Vlad the Impaler]].<ref name=Giurescu>{{cite book|first=Constantin C.|last= Giurescu|author-link= Constantin C. Giurescu|year=1976|title= History of Bucharest|location= Bucharest|publisher=The Publishing House for Sports and Tourism}}</ref>{{rp|23}}

The [[Curtea Veche|Old Princely Court]] (''Curtea Veche'') was erected by [[Mircea Ciobanul]] in the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the summer residence of the royal court. During the years to come, it competed with [[Târgoviște]] on the status of capital city after an increase in the importance of Southern [[Muntenia]] brought about by the demands of the [[suzerainty|''suzerain'']] power – the [[Ottoman Empire]].

Bucharest finally became the permanent location of the Wallachian court after 1698 (starting with the reign of [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]]). The city was partly destroyed by natural disasters and rebuilt several times during the following 200 years.

The Ottomans appointed Greek administrators ([[Phanariotes]]) to run the town ({{Langx|ota|بكرش|translit=Bukreş}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.osmanlicasozlukler.com/kamusulalam/tafsil-8131-me9.html|title=Kamus'ul Alam|last=Semseddin|first=Sâmî|year=1898|volume=2|location=Istanbul|pages=533|chapter=بكرش|author-link=Sami Frashëri}}</ref>) from the 18th century. The [[Wallachian uprising of 1821|1821 Wallachian uprising]] initiated by [[Tudor Vladimirescu]] led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks in Bucharest.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne (1800–1848)|last = Djuvara|first = Neagu|publisher = Humanitas|year = 2013|isbn = 978-973-50-4083-3}}</ref>

In 1813–14 the city was hit by [[Caragea's plague]]. The city was wrested from Ottoman influence and occupied at several intervals by the [[Habsburg monarchy]] (1716, 1737, 1789) and [[Imperial Russia]] (three times between 1768 and 1806). It was placed under [[Regulamentul Organic|Russian administration]] between 1828 and the [[Crimean War]], with an interlude during the Bucharest-centred [[1848 Wallachian revolution]]. Later, an [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] garrison took possession after the Russian departure (remaining in the city until March 1857). On 23 March 1847, a fire consumed about 2,000 buildings, destroying a third of the city.

In 1862, after [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] were united to form the [[United Principalities|Principality of Romania]], Bucharest became the new nation's capital city. In 1881, it became the political centre of the newly proclaimed [[Kingdom of Romania]] under King [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]]. During the second half of the 19th century, the city's population increased dramatically, and a new period of urban development began. During this period, [[gas lighting]], [[Horsecar|horse-drawn trams]], and limited [[electrification]] were introduced.<ref>Giurescu, p.154-161, 169–171</ref> The Dâmbovița River was also massively channelled in 1883, thus putting a stop to previously endemic floods like the [[1865 flooding of Bucharest]].<ref>Giurescu, p.157, 161, 163</ref> The [[Fortifications of Bucharest]] were built. The extravagant architecture and cosmopolitan high culture of this period won Bucharest the nickname of "Paris of the East" (''Parisul Estului''), with the [[Calea Victoriei]] as its [[Champs-Élysées]].

Between 6 December 1916 and November 1918, the city was occupied by [[German Empire|German]] forces as a result of the [[Battle of Bucharest]], with the official capital temporarily moved to [[Iași]] (also called Jassy), in the Moldavia region. After World War I, Bucharest became the capital of [[Greater Romania]]. In the interwar years, Bucharest's urban development continued, with the city gaining an average of 30,000 new residents each year. Also, some of the city's main landmarks were built in this period, including [[Arcul de Triumf]] and [[Palatul Telefoanelor]].<ref>Giurescu, p.191-195</ref> However, the [[Great Depression in Romania]] took its toll on Bucharest's citizens, culminating in the [[Grivița Strike of 1933]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/integral_tradition/irongua.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025083507/http://www.geocities.com/integral_tradition/irongua.html|archive-date=25 October 2009 |url-status=dead|title=Data |website=geocities.com}}</ref>

In January 1941, the city was the scene of the [[Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom]]. As the capital of an [[Axis Powers|Axis]] country and a major transit point for Axis troops en route to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], Bucharest suffered heavy damage during World War II due to [[Bombing of Bucharest in World War II|Allied bombings]]. On 23 August 1944, Bucharest was the site of [[Romania during World War II#The royal coup|the royal coup]] which brought Romania into the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] camp. The city suffered a short period of Nazi [[Luftwaffe]] bombings, as well as a failed attempt by German troops to regain the city.
[[File:Curtea Veche 1.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The [[Curtea Veche|Old Princely Court]] (''Curtea Veche''), the former residence of ruler [[Vlad the Impaler]], is located in the [[Bucharest Old Town|Old Town]].]]
After the establishment of [[Communist Romania|communism in Romania]], the city continued growing. New districts were constructed, most of them dominated by [[tower block]]s. During [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s leadership (1965–89), a part of the historic city [[Ceaușima|was demolished]] and replaced by '[[Socialist realism]]' style development: (1) the [[Centrul Civic]] (the Civic Centre) and (2) the [[Palace of the Parliament]], for which an entire historic quarter was razed to make way for Ceaușescu's megalomaniac plans. On 4 March 1977, an [[1977 Vrancea earthquake|earthquake centred in Vrancea]], about {{convert|135|km|2|abbr=on}} away, claimed 1,500 lives and caused further damage to the historic centre.

The [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]] began with massive anti-Ceaușescu protests in [[Timișoara]] in December 1989 and continued in Bucharest, leading to the overthrow of the [[Communist Romania|Communist regime]]. Dissatisfied with the postrevolutionary leadership of the [[National Salvation Front (Romania)|National Salvation Front]], some student leagues and opposition groups organised anti-Communist rallies in early 1990, which caused the political change.

Since 2000, the city has been continuously modernised. Residential and commercial developments are underway, particularly in the northern districts; Bucharest's old historic centre has undergone restoration since the mid-2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-tenants-of-the-old-town/ |title=The Tenants of the Old Town |work=Los Angeles Review of Books |last=Grama |first=Emanuela |date=1 September 2021 |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref>

In 2015, 64 people were killed in the [[Colectiv nightclub fire]]. Later the Romanian capital saw the [[2017–2019 Romanian protests]] against the judicial reforms,<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-protests/thousands-of-romanians-rally-against-ruling-partys-judicial-overhaul-idUSKBN1DQ0T3|title = Thousands of Romanians rally against ruling party's judicial overhaul|newspaper = Reuters|date = 26 November 2017|access-date = 15 August 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061556/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-protests/thousands-of-romanians-rally-against-ruling-partys-judicial-overhaul-idUSKBN1DQ0T3|archive-date = 16 August 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> with a 2018 protest ending with 450 people injured.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/romania-tens-of-thousands-protest-for-second-night-running/a-45049450 | title=Romania: Tens of thousands protest for second night running &#124; DW &#124; 12 August 2018 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] | access-date=15 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812175803/https://www.dw.com/en/romania-tens-of-thousands-protest-for-second-night-running/a-45049450 | archive-date=12 August 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Treaties ===
The following treaties were signed in the city:
* [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)]], between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire ending the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)]]
* [[Treaty of Bucharest (1886)]], between Serbia and Bulgaria ending the [[Serbo-Bulgarian War|Serbian–Bulgarian War]]
* [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)]], between Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece ending of the [[Second Balkan War]]
* [[Treaty of Bucharest (1916)]], a treaty of alliance between Romania and the [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]]
* [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)]], between Romania and the [[Central Powers]]