Editing British Army (section)

=== Formation ===
[[File:Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper.jpg|thumb|[[Lord Protector]] [[Oliver Cromwell]]]]
[[File:General Thomas Fairfax (1612-1671) by Robert Walker and studio.jpg|thumb|Lord General Thomas Fairfax, the first commander of the New Model Army]]

Until the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1653)]], neither England nor Scotland had had a [[standing army]] with professional officers and career corporals and sergeants. England relied on [[Militia (English)|militia]] organised by local officials or private forces mobilised by the nobility, or on hired mercenaries from Europe.<ref>David G. Chandler, ed., ''The Oxford history of the British army'' (1996) pp. 24–45.</ref> From the [[later Middle Ages]] until the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, when a foreign expeditionary force was needed, such as the one that [[Henry V of England]] took to France and that fought at the [[Battle of Agincourt]] (1415), the army, a professional one, was raised for the duration of the expedition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/victorious-army-making-raising-king-henry-vs-army-1415/|title=A victorious army in the making: Raising King Henry V's army of 1415|date=11 August 2015|first=Benjamin|last=Trowbridge|publisher=National Archives|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018013732/http://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/victorious-army-making-raising-king-henry-vs-army-1415/|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the members of the English [[Long Parliament]] realised that the use of county militia organised into regional associations (such as the [[Eastern Association]]), often commanded by local members of Parliament (both from the House of Commons and the House of Lords), while more than able to hold their own in the regions which [[Parliamentarians (English Civil War)|Parliamentarians ('Roundheads")]] controlled, were unlikely to win the war. So Parliament initiated two actions. The [[Self-denying Ordinance]] forbade members of Parliament (with the notable exception of [[Oliver Cromwell]], then a member of parliament and future Lord Protector) from serving as officers in the Parliamentary armies. This created a distinction between the civilians in Parliament, who tended to be [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] and conciliatory to the Royalists ("Cavaliers") in nature, and a corps of professional officers, who tended to be Independent ([[Congregational]]) in theology. The second action was legislation for the creation of a Parliamentary-funded army, commanded by Lord General [[Thomas Fairfax]], which became known as the [[New Model Army]] (originally phrased "new-modelled Army").{{sfn|Rogers|1968|pp=207–211}}

While this proved to be a war-winning formula, the New Model Army, being organised and politically active, went on to dominate the politics of the [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]] and by 1660 was widely disliked. The New Model Army was paid off and disbanded at the later [[Restoration (1660)|Restoration]] of the monarchy in 1660 with the accession of King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. For many decades the alleged excesses of the New Model Army under [[the Protectorate]]  / Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell were used as propaganda (and still feature in Irish folklore){{sfn|Ó Siochrú|2008|p=1–2}} and the [[Whig Party (England)|Whig Party]] element recoiled from allowing a standing army to continue with the agreed-upon rights and privileges under the return of a king.<ref>Lord Macaulay ''The History of England from the accession of James the Second'' (C.H. Firth ed. 1913) 1:136–38</ref> The militia acts of 1661 and 1662 prevented local authorities from calling up militia and oppressing their own local opponents. Calling up the militia was possible only if the king and local elites agreed to do so.<ref>{{cite web|title= 'Charles II, 1661: An Act declaring the sole Right of the Militia to be in King and for the present ordering & disposing the same.', Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628–80 (1819)|pages=308–309|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=47290|access-date= 5 March 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215615/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=47290|archive-date= 27 September 2007|url-status= live}}</ref>

[[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] and his "[[Cavalier]]" / Royalist supporters favoured a new army under royal control, and immediately after the Restoration of 1660 to 1661 began working on its establishment.<ref>David Chandler, ''The Oxford History of the British Army'' (2003) p. 46. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOgs8WpJI9AC&dq=british+army+founded+1660&pg=PA46]</ref> The first [[English Army#Restoration|English Army]] regiments, including elements of the disbanded [[New Model Army]], were formed between November 1660 and January 1661<ref>David Chandler, ''The Oxford History of the British Army'' (2003) p. 47. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOgs8WpJI9AC&dq=british+army+founded+1660&pg=PA47]</ref> and became a standing military force for England (financed by [[Parliament of England|Parliament]]).<ref>Mallinson, p. 2</ref><ref name=Clayton2014>{{cite book|last1=Clayton|first1=Anthony|title=The British Officer: Leading the Army from 1660 to the Present|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-86444-8|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlDJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|quote=The first standing Army for Britain, a force of some 5,000 men on the English establishment, was formed at the Restoration in 1660–61. Separate forces were maintained on the Scottish and Irish establishments.}}</ref> The [[Royal Scots Army|Royal Scots]] and [[Irish Army (Kingdom of Ireland)|Irish Armies]] were financed by the parliaments of [[Parliament of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Parliament of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref name=Glozier2007>{{cite book|last1=Glozier|first1=Matthew|last2=Onnekink|first2=David|title=War, religion and service: Huguenot soldiering, 1685–1713|date=2007|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-5444-5|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uC7TWCDcOBwC&pg=PA31|quote=After the Restoration there were separate English and Scottish (until 1707 unification) and Irish (until later 1800 union) military establishments, reflecting the national revenue from which a military unit was maintained. In operational and administrative matters all three combined into a single formation of a unified British Army by the start of the 19th century. From 1688, the description 'British' army is both textually convenient and historically accurate.}}</ref> Parliamentary control was established by the [[Bill of Rights 1689]] and [[Claim of Right Act 1689]], although the monarch continued to influence aspects of army administration until at least the end of the 19th century.<ref>David Chandler, ''The Oxford History of the British Army'' (2003) pp. xvi–xvii</ref>

After the Restoration, King Charles II pulled together four regiments of infantry and cavalry, calling them his guards, at a cost of £122,000 from his general budget. This became the foundation of the permanent English Army. By 1685, it had grown to number 7,500 soldiers in marching regiments, and 1,400 men permanently stationed in garrisons. A [[Monmouth Rebellion]] in 1685 allowed successor King  [[James II of England|James II]] to raise the forces to 20,000 men. There were 37,000 in 1678, when England played a role in the closing stage of the cross-channel [[Franco-Dutch War]]. After [[Protestantism|Protestant]] dual Monarchs [[William III of England|William III]], formerly William of the Dutch [[House of Orange]], and his wife [[Mary II of England|Mary II's]] joint accession to the throne after a short constitutional crisis with Parliament sending  Mary's father, predecessor King James II, (who remained a Catholic) during his brief controversial reign, off the throne and into exile.  England then involved itself in the [[War of the Grand Alliance]] on the Continent, primarily to prevent a possible French  Catholic monarch organizing an invasion restoring the exiled James II (Queen Mary's father and still a [[Roman Catholic]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|2000|p=144}}</ref> Later in 1689, William III to solidify his and Mary's hold on the monarchy, expanded the new English army to 74,000, and then a few years later to 94,000 in 1694. Parliament was very nervous and reduced the cadre to 70,000 in 1697. Scotland and Ireland had theoretically separate military establishments, but they were unofficially merged with the English Crown  force.<ref>Chandler, ed., ''The Oxford history of the British army'' (1996) pp. 46–57.</ref><ref>Correlli Barnett, ''Britain and her army, 1509–1970: a military, political and social survey'' (1970) pp. 90–98, 110–125.</ref>

[[File:John Churchill Marlborough porträtterad av Adriaen van der Werff (1659-1722).jpg|thumb|alt=Oil-on-canvas portrait|[[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]], was one of the first generals in the new British Army and fought in the War of the Spanish Succession. He was a noted ancestor of Sir [[Winston S. Churchill]], later famous [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] during [[World War II]].]]

By the time of the 1707 [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]], many regiments of the English and Scottish armies were combined under one operational command and stationed in the [[Netherlands]] for the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. Although all the regiments were now part of the new British military establishment,<ref name=Chandler2003>{{cite book|last1=Chandler|first1=David|title=The Oxford history of the British Army|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280311-5|page=xv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOgs8WpJI9AC&q=British+army+from+the+Act+of+Union&pg=PA45|quote=It is generally accepted that the regular standing army in Britain was officially created – in the sense of being fully accommodated within parliamentary control in 1689, although it is, strictly speaking, only correct to refer to the British army from the Act of Union with Scotland in 1707.}}</ref> they remained under the old operational-command structure and retained much of the institutional ethos, customs and traditions of the standing armies created shortly after the [[restoration (England)|Restoration of the Monarchy]] 47 years earlier. The order of seniority of the most-senior British Army line regiments is based on that of the earlier English army. Although technically the Scots [[Royal Regiment of Foot]] was raised in 1633 and is the oldest Regiment of the Line,<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/23301.aspx|publisher=British Army|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118061954/http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/23301.aspx|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Scottish and Irish regiments were only allowed to take a rank in the English army on the date of their arrival in England (or the date when they were first placed on the English establishment). In 1694, a board of general officers was convened to decide the rank of English, Irish and Scots regiments serving in the Netherlands; the regiment which became known as the [[Scots Greys]] were designated the [[4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards|4th Dragoons]] because there were three English regiments raised prior to 1688 when the Scots Greys were first placed in the English establishment. In 1713, when a new board of general officers was convened to decide the rank of several regiments, the seniority of the Scots Greys was reassessed and based on their June 1685 entry into England. At that time there was only one English regiment of dragoons, and the Scots Greys eventually received the British Army rank of 2nd Dragoons.{{sfn|Royal Scots Greys|1840|pp=56–57}}