Editing Brighton (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Brighton}}
{{see also|Timeline of Brighton}}
The first settlement in the Brighton area was [[Whitehawk Camp]], a [[Neolithic]] encampment on [[Whitehawk Hill]] which has been dated to between 3500 BC and 2700 BC.<ref name="EncB17">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 17.}}</ref> It is one of six [[causewayed enclosure]]s in Sussex. Archaeologists have only partially explored it, but have found numerous [[Tumulus|burial mounds]], tools and bones, suggesting it was a place of some importance.<ref name="BHCC-WhitehawkCamp">{{cite web |title=Whitehawk Camp |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/whitehawk-camp |publisher=Brighton and Hove City Council |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011164312/http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/whitehawk-camp |archive-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There was also a [[Bronze Age]] settlement at [[Coldean]]. [[Britons (Celtic people)|Brythonic]] [[Celts]] arrived in Britain in the 7th century BC,<ref name="EncB17" /> and an important Brythonic settlement existed at [[Hollingbury Castle]] on Hollingbury Hill. This Celtic [[Iron Age]] encampment dates from the 3rd or 2nd century BC and is circumscribed by substantial earthwork outer walls with a diameter of {{circa}} {{cvt|1000|ft|m}}. [[Cissbury Ring]], roughly {{cvt|10|mi|km}} from Hollingbury, is suggested to have been the tribal "capital".<ref>{{cite web |title=Information derived from National Trust |url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-south_east/w-south_east-countryside/w-south_east-places-west_sussex/w-south_east-places-west_sussex-cissbury.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026021250/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-south_east/w-south_east-countryside/w-south_east-places-west_sussex/w-south_east-places-west_sussex-cissbury.htm |archive-date=26 October 2009}}</ref>

Later, there was a [[Roman villa]] at [[Preston Village, Brighton|Preston Village]], a [[London to Brighton Way|Roman road]] from London ran nearby, and much physical evidence of Roman occupation has been discovered locally.<ref name="EncB17"/> From the 1st century AD, the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] built a number of villas in Brighton and [[Romano-British culture|Romano-British]] Brythonic Celts formed farming settlements in the area.<ref>''Current Archaeology'', 13 March 2014, {{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/digging/fieldwork/rocky-clump-2.htm |title=Archived Document |access-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115063755/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/digging/fieldwork/rocky-clump-2.htm |archive-date=15 November 2013}}. Retrieved 27 April 2014.</ref> After the Romans left in the early 4th century AD, the Brighton area returned to the control of the native Celts. [[Anglo-Saxons]] then invaded in the late 5th century AD, and the region became part of the [[Kingdom of Sussex]], founded in 477 AD by [[Ælle of Sussex|king Ælle]].<ref name="ASC">''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' (Parker MS) ([https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/657 E-text)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150833/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/657 |date=29 September 2007}}</ref>

[[Anthony Seldon]] identified five phases of development in pre-20th century Brighton.<ref name="Seldon-Ch2">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|loc=Ch. 2.}}</ref> The village of ''Bristelmestune'' was founded by these Anglo-Saxon invaders, probably in the early Saxon period. They were attracted by the easy access for boats, sheltered areas of raised land for building and better conditions compared to the damp, cold and misty [[Weald]] to the north.<ref name="Musgrave21">{{Harvnb|Musgrave|1981|p=21.}}</ref> By the time of the [[Domesday Book|Domesday survey]] in 1086 it was a fishing and agricultural settlement, a rent of 4,000 [[herring]] was established, and its population was about 400.<ref name="VCH56961"/><ref name="EncB17"/> By the 14th century there was a [[parish church]], a market and rudimentary law enforcement (the first town constable was elected in 1285).<ref name="Seldon32">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|p=32.}}</ref> Sacked and burnt by French invaders in the early 16th century—the earliest depiction of Brighton, a painting of {{circa}} 1520, shows Admiral [[Prégent de Bidoux|Pregent de Bidoux's]] attack of June 1514—the town recovered strongly based on a thriving [[mackerel]]-fishing industry.<ref name="Seldon33"/> The grid of streets in the Old Town (the present [[The Lanes|Lanes]] area) were well developed and the town grew quickly: the population rose from {{circa}} 1,500 in 1600 to {{circa}} 4,000 in the 1640s.<ref name="EncB17"/> By that time Brighton was Sussex's most populous and important town.<ref name="Seldon33">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|p=33.}}</ref>

Over the next few decades, though, events severely affected its local and national standing, such that by 1730 "it was a forlorn town decidedly down on its luck".<ref name="Seldon33"/> More foreign attacks, storms (especially the devastating [[Great Storm of 1703]]), a declining fishing industry, and the emergence of nearby [[Shoreham-by-Sea|Shoreham]] as a significant port caused its economy to suffer.<ref name="Seldon33" /> By 1708 other parishes in Sussex were charged rates to alleviate poverty in Brighton, and [[Daniel Defoe]] wrote that the expected £8,000 cost of providing sea defences was "more than the whole town was worth". The population declined to 2,000 in the early 18th century.<ref name="EncB17" />

From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The contemporary fad for drinking and bathing in seawater as [[hydrotherapy|a purported cure]] for illnesses was enthusiastically encouraged by [[Richard Russell (doctor)|Richard Russell]] from nearby [[Lewes]]. He sent many patients to "take the cure" in the sea at Brighton, published a popular treatise{{NoteTag|''De Tabe Glandulari, sive, De usu aquæ marinæ in morbis glandularum dissertatio'' (1750); translated into English in 1753 as ''Glandular Diseases, or a Dissertation on the Use of Sea Water in the Affections of the Glands''.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/56302?docPos=4 |title=Oxford DNB article: Russell, Richard |last=Farrant |first=John H. |date=September 2011 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/56302 |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>}} on the subject, and moved to the town soon afterwards (the [[Royal Albion Hotel|Royal Albion]], one of Brighton's early hotels, occupies the site of his house).<ref name="Seldon34">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|p=34.}}</ref> Others were already visiting the town for recreational purposes before Russell became famous, and his actions coincided with other developments which made Brighton more attractive to visitors. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France; road transport to London was improved<ref name="Seldon34–35">{{Harvnb|Seldon|2002|pp=34–35.}}</ref> when the main road via [[Crawley]] was [[Toll road|turnpiked]] in 1770;<ref name="Gwynne98">{{Harvnb|Gwynne|1990|p=98.}}</ref> and spas and indoor baths were opened by other entrepreneurial physicians such as [[Sake Dean Mahomed]] and [[Anthony Relhan]] (who also wrote the town's first guidebook).<ref name="Seldon34–35" />
[[File:Brighton West front by Pugin 1824 edited.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Pavilion]] by [[Augustus Pugin]], 1824]]
[[File:Brighton, the front and the chain pier seen in the distance.jpg|thumb|right|''Brighton, The Front and the [[Royal Suspension Chain Pier|Chain Pier]] Seen in the Distance'' by Frederick William Woledge, 1840]]

From 1780, the development of the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian terraces]] had started, and the fishing village developed as the fashionable resort of Brighton. The growth of the town was further encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]]) after his first visit in 1783.<ref name="EncB71">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 71.}}</ref> He spent much of his leisure time in the town and constructed the [[Royal Pavilion]] during the early part of his [[Regency era|Regency]]. In this period the modern form of the name Brighton came into common use.<ref name="PlaceNames">{{Harvnb|Mawer|Stenton|Gover|1930|p=291.}}</ref> A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of [[Preston Barracks]] in 1793.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/page_id__6198.aspx |title=Preston Barracks, Lewes Road |publisher=My Brighton & Hove |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923104332/http://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/page_id__6198.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> It was rebuilt in 1830.

[[File:Brighton aquarium photochrom.jpg|thumb|[[Photochrom]] of Brighton aquarium, 1890–1900]]
The population increased rapidly throughout the 19th century from 7,339 in 1801 to 46,661 in 1841,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Knight |first1=Charles |title=The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge |date=1847 |volume=III |page=809}}</ref> and by 1901 the population had reached more than 120,000.<ref name="EncB127">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 127.}}</ref> The arrival of the [[London and Brighton Railway]] in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. Many of the major attractions were built during the [[Victorian era]], such as the [[Grand Brighton Hotel|Grand Hotel]] (1864), the [[West Pier]] (1866), and the [[Brighton Palace Pier|Palace Pier]] (1899). Prior to either of these structures, the famous [[Royal Suspension Chain Pier]] was built, to the designs of Captain Samuel Brown. It lasted from 1823 to 1896 and is featured in paintings by both [[J. M. W. Turner|Turner]] and [[John Constable|Constable]].<ref name="EncB34">{{Harvnb|Carder|1990|loc=§. 34.}}</ref>

Due to the boundary changes, the land area of Brighton expanded from <span style="white-space:nowrap">1,640&nbsp;acres&nbsp;(7&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>)</span> in 1854 to <span style="white-space:nowrap">14,347&nbsp;acres&nbsp;(58&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>)</span> in 1952.<ref>{{harvnb|Carder|1990|p=13}}</ref> New housing estates were established in the acquired areas, including [[Moulsecoomb]], [[Bevendean]], [[Coldean]] and [[Whitehawk]]. The major expansion of 1928 also incorporated the villages of [[Patcham]], [[Ovingdean]] and [[Rottingdean]], and much council housing was built in parts of [[Woodingdean]] after the Second World War. By the 1970s, the town had acquired a reputation as a retirement destination, with an elderly population.<ref name="BBRH51">{{Harvnb|Brighton Borough Council|1985|p=51.}}</ref> However, this was reversed in the 1990s, as Brighton regained the fashionable status it held in the 18th and 19th centuries.

In 1997, the town of Brighton and its neighbouring town Hove were joined to form the [[unitary authority]] of [[Brighton and Hove]], which was granted [[city status in the United Kingdom|city status]] by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] as part of the [[millennium]] celebrations in 2000.<ref name="NEB73">{{Harvnb|Collis|2010|p=73.}}</ref>