Editing Bordeaux (section)

=== 5th century BC to 11th century AD ===
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| image1 = Bordeaux - Pilliers de Tutelle.jpg
| caption1 = ''Les Piliers de Tutelle''
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| caption2 = The Roman amphitheatre
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Around 300 BC, the region was the settlement of a [[List of Celtic tribes|Celtic tribe]], the [[Bituriges Vivisci]], who named the town '''Burdigala''', probably of [[Aquitanian language|Aquitanian]] origin.

In 107 BC, the [[Battle of Burdigala]] was fought by the Romans who were defending the [[Allobroges]], a [[Gauls|Gallic tribe]] allied to Rome, and the [[Tigurini]] led by [[Divico]]. The Romans were defeated and their commander, the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Lucius Cassius Longinus (consul 107 BC)|Lucius Cassius Longinus]], was killed in battle.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sivan |first1=H. |first2=R. |last2=Mathisen |title=Places: 138248 (Burdigala) |url=https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/138248 |access-date=29 March 2020 |publisher=Pleiades |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918080522/https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/138248 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city came under [[ancient Rome|Roman]] rule around 60 BC, and it became an important commercial centre for [[tin]] and [[lead]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.romanports.org/en/the-ports/116-burdigala.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330034006/https://www.romanports.org/en/the-ports/116-burdigala.html |archive-date=30 March 2020 |url-status=live |title=Burdigala (France) |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> During this period were built the amphitheatre and the monument ''Les [[Piliers de Tutelle]]''.

In 276 AD, it was sacked by the [[Vandals]]. The Vandals attacked again in 409, followed by the [[Visigoths]] in 414, and the [[Franks]] in 498, and afterwards the city fell into a period of relative obscurity.

[[File:Bituriges Vivisci.jpg|thumb|Coins of the [[Bituriges Vivisci]], 5th–1st century BC, derived from the coin designs of [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul]]. [[Cabinet des Médailles]].]]
[[File:Merovingian tremisses minted in Bordeaux by the Church of Saint Etienne late 6th century.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] [[Tremissis|tremisses]] minted in Bordeaux by the Church of Saint-Étienne, late sixth century. [[British Museum]].]]

In the late 6th century AD the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] [[Francia|kingdom of the Franks]], but royal Frankish power was never strong. The city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish [[Duchy of Vasconia]]. Around 585 Gallactorius was made [[County of Bordeaux|Count of Bordeaux]] and fought the [[Basques]].

In 732, the city was plundered by the troops of [[Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi|Abd er Rahman]] who stormed the fortifications and overwhelmed the [[Aquitaine|Aquitanian]] garrison. [[Odo the Great|Duke Eudes]] mustered a force to engage the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], eventually engaging them in the [[Battle of the River Garonne]] somewhere near the river [[Dordogne (river)|Dordogne]]. The battle had a high death toll, and although Eudes was defeated he had enough troops to engage in the [[Battle of Tours|Battle of Poitiers]] and so retain his grip on Aquitaine.

In 737, following his father Eudes's death, the Aquitanian [[Hunald I|duke Hunald]] led a rebellion to which [[Charles Martel|Charles]] responded by launching an expedition that captured Bordeaux. However, it was not retained for long, during the following year the Frankish commander clashed in battle with the Aquitanians but then left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates. In 745 Aquitaine faced another expedition where Charles's sons Pepin and Carloman challenged Hunald's power and defeated him. Hunald's son [[Waiofar|Waifer]] replaced him and confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city (along with Bourges in the north).

During the last stage of the [[Pepin the Short#Expansion of the Frankish realm|war against Aquitaine]] (760–768), it was one of Waifer's last important strongholds to fall to the troops of King [[Pepin the Short]]. Charlemagne built the fortress of [[Fronsac, Gironde|Fronsac]] (''Frontiacus'', ''Franciacus'') near Bordeaux on a hill across the border with the Basques (''Wascones''), where Basque commanders came and pledged their loyalty (769).

In 778, [[Seguin I of Gascony|Seguin (or Sihimin)]] was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke [[Lupo II of Gascony|Lupo]], and possibly leading to the [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass]]. In 814, Seguin was made Duke of [[Duchy of Vasconia|Vasconia]], but was deposed in 816 for failing to suppress a Basque rebellion. Under the [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingians]], sometimes the [[Count of Bordeaux|Counts of Bordeaux]] held the title concomitantly with that of [[Duke of Gascony|Duke of Vasconia]]. They were to keep the Basques in check and defend the mouth of the Garonne from the [[Viking]]s when they appeared in c. 844. In Autumn 845, the Vikings were raiding Bordeaux and Saintes, count [[Seguin II of Gascony|Seguin II]] marched on them but was captured and executed.

Although the [[Port de la Lune|port of Bordeaux]] was a buzzing trade center, the stability and success of the city was threatened by [[Vikings|Viking]] and [[Normans|Norman]] incursions and political instability. The restoration of the [[Ramnulfids|Ramnulfid]] [[Duke of Aquitaine|Dukes of Aquitaine]] under [[William IV, Duke of Aquitaine|William IV]] and his successors (known as the [[House of Poitiers]]) brought continuity of government.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bordeaux |title=Bordeaux |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428135852/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bordeaux |url-status=live}}</ref>