Editing Bomb threat (section)

==Motivations==
Supposed motives for bomb threats include: "humor, self assertion, anger, manipulation, aggression, hate and devaluation, omnipotence, fantasy, and psychotic distortion,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/clintons-obama-suspicious-packages/index.html|title=Suspect arrested after explosive devices sent to Trump critics and CNN|last1=Wagner|first1=Meg|date=November 5, 2018|work=CNN|access-date=24 December 2019|last2=Rocha|first2=Veronica|last3=Tatum|first3=Sophie|last4=Levenson|first4=Eric|last5=Ries|first5=Brian|last6=Murphy|first6=Paul P.|last7=Yeung|first7=Jessie}}</ref> ideology, retaliation," and creating chaos.<ref name=":14">{{cite web|url=https://casetext.com/case/moosavi-v-state-2|title=Moosavi v. State, 355 Md. 651|website=Casetext}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/68f80ca783a84d808e31ac710e0b9bea|title=Indictment: Hackers charged with making threats to schools|date=February 12, 2019|work=Associated Press|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/183f3fda6e354192a64b737c1ae1f88e|title=UK teen jailed for 3 years for bomb hoaxes|date=December 7, 2018|work=Associated Press|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Many of the motives based on personal emotion are speculative.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=Graeme R.|date=August 2011|title=Bomb Threats in Schools|url=https://popcenter.asu.edu/content/bomb-threats-schools-0|journal=Center for Problem-Oriented Policing|publisher=Arizona State University|volume=32}}</ref>  Bomb threats that aren’t intended to be pranks are often made as parts of other crimes, such as [[extortion]], [[arson]], or [[aircraft hijacking]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NYyKqMV8MoC&q=%22people+v.+vitusky%22&pg=PR21|title=New York Supplement|date=December 24, 1913|publisher=West Publishing Company|via=Google Books}}</ref> Actual bombings for [[Vandalism|malicious destruction of property]], [[terrorism]], or [[murder]] are often perpetrated without warning.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" />

===Ideological===
Bomb threats may be motivated by political, religious, and ideological differences. These include political issues, [[abortion]], animal testing, [[eco-terrorism]], and use of [[nuclear power]]. The aim of these threats is to draw attention to certain causes or incite fear and unrest among those who support said causes.<ref name=":10"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-act-violence/201304/bombers-or-bomb-threat-makers|title=Bombers or Bomb Threat Makers?: Looking for Hunters, Dealing with Howlers|last=Albrecht|first=Steve|date=April 19, 2013|website=Psychology Today|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary threat management : a practical guide for identifying, assessing, and managing individuals of violent intent|last1=Calhoun|first1=Frederick S.|last2=Weston|first2=Stephen W.|publisher=Specialized Training Services|year=2003|location=San Diego|oclc = 55002916}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/threats-researchers-use-animals-testing.html|title=Threats to Researchers who Use Animals for Testing|last=Murnaghan|first=Ian|date=February 21, 2018|website=About Animal Testing|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Some threats are racially-motivated,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/2b7cd646cca74aa98c63006ce633e714|title=Arizona man pleads guilty to Harvard bomb threats|date=February 28, 2019|website=Associated Press|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> while others are made against houses of worship or research and medical facilities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/7e36c278e26d4523be9e5291646a8274|title=Israeli who threatened US Jewish centers gets 10 years|date=November 22, 2018|work=Associated Press|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/8cc5547c1f634fe7a21822110b77d126|title=Police spend 6 hours probing false bomb threat at NY church|date=December 28, 2018|work=Associated Press|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/37993f31351640c594a0ac366a8435c1|title=Muslim advocacy group seeks investigation into mosque threat|work=Associated Press|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref>

===Extortion===
Bomb threats made as part of [[extortion]] schemes demand some form of bribe, payment, or incentive to prevent the use of a bomb. The payment can be made in the form of cash, [[Bitcoin]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/wave-bomb-threats-causes-evacuations-anxiety-nationwide-n947671|title=Wave of bomb threats causes evacuations, anxiety across U.S. and Canada|last=Silva|first=Daniella|date=December 13, 2018|work=NBC|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.app.com/story/news/local/public-safety/2018/12/13/multiple-bomb-threats-reported-monmouth-and-ocean-counties/2307916002/|title=Multiple bomb threats reported in Monmouth and Ocean counties|last1=Goudsward|first1=Andrew|date=December 13, 2018|work=Asbury Park Press|access-date=April 14, 2019|publisher=USA Today|last2=Walker|first2=Tamara|last3=Larsen|first3=Erik}}</ref> or forcing the victim to adhere to demands.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/2046cd59c80546e1927a3655f14ab0e3|title=Man charged in school bomb threats facing sextortion charges|date=April 11, 2019|work=Associated Press|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/crime/2019/04/11/brian-kil-suspect-faces-life-prison-child-porn-sextortion-charges/3434050002/|title='Brian Kil' suspect faces life in prison with Plainfield threats, child porn, sextortion charges|last=Mack|first=Justin L.|date=April 11, 2019|work=Indianapolis Star|access-date=April 14, 2019|publisher=USA Today}}</ref>

===Hoax device===
A '''hoax device''' has the appearance of a destructive device or biological weapon, and is intended to cause a reasonable person to assume the item was a truly destructive device capable of causing injury or death.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinai |first1=Joshua |title=Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International |journal=Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International |date=2020 |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=30}}</ref> Because of the potential for loss of life, injury, and property damage of a bomb detonation, bomb threats are treated as realistic and maliciously intended by authorities until proven otherwise.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2004/09/01/01bomb.h24.html|title=Bomb Threats Taking Financial Toll|last=Bowman|first=Darcia Harris|date=October 2, 2004|work=Education Week|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Bomb threats made as jokes or pranks, especially those made against schools, annually waste thousands of dollars in law enforcement costs, other government resources, and educational time.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> These threats may be made as distractions or disruptions, forcing school officials to cancel or postpone planned activities such as exams.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/4f801e6472d84ce9b4f96a40353a5e2b|title=Man pleads guilty to bomb threat made to thwart traffic stop|date=March 26, 2019|work=Associated Press|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://casetext.com/case/gulden-v-mccorkle|title=Gulden v. McCorkle, 680 F.2d 1070|work=Casetext}}</ref>

===False flag===
[[False flag]] bomb threats are made to create the appearance of a specific group or person being responsible for an activity to disguise the true perpetrators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://casetext.com/case/us-v-mohamed-13|title=United States v. Mohamed, 459 F.3d 979|work=Casetext}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/52f3828f172a4789ad2a8f4f558a2795|title=Ex-journalist to get resentenced in Jewish threats case|date=April 10, 2019|work=Associated Press|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref>

===Political===
Bomb threats can be part of politically-motivated operations. For example: It was reportedly used as a pretext by the [[Belarus|Belarusian]] government to divert [[Ryanair Flight 4978]] to [[Minsk]] to arrest [[Raman Pratasevich]], an oppositional figure. As a result the nation was accused of committing [[state terrorism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Exiled opposition figure arrested after flight diverted to Belarus citing bomb threat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/belarus-president-lukashenko-critic-journalist-raman-pratasevich-arrested-flight-diverted-1806053-2021-05-23 |website=India Today |date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Belarus 'diverts Ryanair flight to arrest journalist', opposition says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57219860 |website=BBC News |access-date=23 May 2021 |date=2021-05-23}}</ref>