Editing Boland Amendment (section)

== The Boland Amendment ==
The first Boland Amendment outlawed U.S. assistance from the CIA and [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense (DOD)]], to the [[Contras]] for the purpose of overthrowing the communist Nicaraguan government, while allowing assistance for other purposes.<ref name="clr">{{cite journal |last=Riesenfeld |first=Stefan A. |date=January 1987 |title=The Powers of Congress and the President in International Relations: Revisited |url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1975&context=californialawreview |journal=California Law Review |publisher=California Law Review, Inc. |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=405–414 |doi=10.2307/3480586 |jstor=3480586 |quote=The Boland Amendment was part of the Joint Resolution of December 21, 1982, providing further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 1983}}<!--|accessdate=2007-11-07 --></ref> The Amendment was part of the House Appropriations Bill of 1982, which was attached as a [[Rider (legislation)|rider]] to the Defense Appropriations Act of 1983, named for the [[Massachusetts]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], Representative [[Edward Boland]], who authored it. The [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] passed the Defense Appropriations Act 411–0 on December 8, 1982, and it was signed by President [[Ronald Reagan]] on December 21, 1982.<ref name="apa">[http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2007/01/pdf/military_deployments.pdf Congressional Limitations and Requirements for Military Deployments and Funding<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

The four following legislative amendments adjusted the scope of the first Boland Amendment. The [[Intelligence Authorization Act]], passed December 9, 1983, limited the existing obligations of the CIA and DOD to the Contras to $24 million and expanded the act to include direct or indirect support for any Nicaraguan group or individual. On October 3, 1984, aid was completely cut to the Contras and all entities of the [[United States]] government were prohibited from providing aid, expanding the prohibition from just the CIA and DOD. The fourth amendment, encompassing 1985-1986, provided $27 million in humanitarian aid to the Contras, and the fifth and final form of the amendment in June 1986, provided $100 million in aid to the Contras.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Timbers |first=Edwin |date=1990 |title=Legal and Institutional Aspects of the Iran-Contra Affair |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20700112 |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=31–41 |jstor=20700112 |issn=0360-4918}}</ref>