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===Planetary models=== In the late 1800s speculations on the possible structure of the atom included planetary models with orbiting charged electrons.<ref name=Kragh2010>Helge Kragh (Oct. 2010). [https://css.au.dk/fileadmin/reposs/reposs-010.pdf Before Bohr: Theories of atomic structure 1850-1913]. RePoSS: Research Publications on Science Studies 10. Aarhus: Centre for Science Studies, University of Aarhus.</ref>{{rp|35}} These models faced a significant constraint. In 1897, [[Joseph Larmor]] showed that an accelerating charge would radiate power according to classical electrodynamics, a result known as the [[Larmor formula]]. Since electrons forced to remain in orbit are continuously accelerating, they would be mechanically unstable. Larmor noted that electromagnetic effect of multiple electrons, suitable arranged, would cancel each other. Thus subsequent atomic models based on classical electrodynamics needed to adopt such special multi-electron arrangements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wheaton |first=Bruce R. |title=The tiger and the shark: empirical roots of wave-particle dualism |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-35892-7 |edition=1. paperback ed., reprinted |location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{rp|113}}
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