Editing Bob Fosse (section)

== Career ==
=== 1947–1953: Contract with MGM ===
After his discharge, Fosse moved to New York City in 1947 with the ambition of being the new [[Fred Astaire]]. He began to study acting at the American Theatre Wing, where he met his first wife and dance partner, Mary Ann Niles (1923–1987).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Bob Fosse {{!}} Biography, Style, Musicals, Movies, Awards, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bob-Fosse |access-date=2021-11-16 |website=britannica.com}}</ref> His first stage role was in ''[[Call Me Mister]]'', along with Niles.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/fosse0000wass |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/fosse0000wass/page/44 44] |title=Fosse |last=Wasson |first=Sam |date=2013 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-547-55329-0}}</ref>  In 1948, [[Tony Charmoli]] danced in ''[[Make Mine Manhattan]]'', but gave the part to Fosse when the show toured nationally. Charmoli also found Fosse work as a dancer on the TV shows he was working on when Fosse returned from the tour.<ref name="HollywoodR">{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tony-charmoli-dead-emmy-winning-choreographer-mitzi-gaynor-shirley-maclaine-was-99-1306721 |title=Tony Charmoli, Emmy-Winning Choreographer for Mitzi Gaynor and Shirley MacLaine, Dies at 99 |last=Barnes |first=Mike |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=2020-08-10 |access-date=2020-08-11}}</ref>

Fosse and Niles were regular performers on ''[[Your Hit Parade]]'' in its 1950–1951 season. [[Dean Martin]] and [[Jerry Lewis]] saw their act in New York's [[The Pierre|Pierre Hotel]] and scheduled the couple to appear on ''[[The Colgate Comedy Hour]]'' in 1951.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Colgate Comedy Hour |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0785142/ |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref>

Fosse was signed to an [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] contract in 1953.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-24-mn-10106-story.html |title=Choreographer and Director Bob Fosse Dies |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> His early screen appearances as a dancer included ''[[Give a Girl a Break]]'', ''[[The Affairs of Dobie Gillis]]'' and ''[[Kiss Me Kate (film)|Kiss Me Kate]]'', all released in 1953. Fosse's choreography of a short dance sequence in ''[[Kiss Me Kate (film)|Kiss Me Kate]]'' and dance with [[Carol Haney]] brought him to the attention of Broadway producers.<ref name=pbs1>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/bob-fosse/ "Bob Fosse Biography"] [[PBS]]; accessed January 27, 2010</ref> In ''Kiss Me Kate'', Fosse starred alongside [[Howard Keel]], [[Kathryn Grayson]], and [[Ann Miller]]. Fosse played Hortensio within ''The Taming of the Shrew'' dance sequences.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.academymuseum.org/en/programs/detail/kiss-me-kate-01843a3d-9a6e-9ca8-8f36-f3ebdec14698|title= Kiss Me Kate|website= Academy Museum|accessdate= May 20, 2024}}</ref>

=== 1954–1958: Work as a choreographer ===
During the late 1940s and early 1950s, Fosse transitioned from film to [[Broadway theatre|theatre]].  Fosse told an interviewer, "Jerry [<nowiki/>[[Jerome Robbins]]] started me doing choreography. He gave me my first job as a choreographer [Pajama Game] and I'm grateful for that."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYSrYjUOCek |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/FYSrYjUOCek |archive-date=2021-11-04 |url-status=live |title=Showbiz Today Jerry Lewis Roasted |date=1986 |publisher=givethechanceakid}}{{cbignore}}</ref> 

In 1954, Fosse choreographed his first musical, ''[[The Pajama Game]]'', followed by ''[[My Sister Eileen (1955 film)|My Sister Eileen]]'' and [[George Abbott]]'s ''[[Damn Yankees]]'' in 1955. It was while working on ''[[Damn Yankees]]'' that he first met rising star [[Gwen Verdon]], whom he married in 1960. For her work in ''Damn Yankees,'' Verdon won her first [[Tony Award]] for Best Actress in a Musical in 1956.<ref name="gwen">[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/gwen-verdon-68959/#awards "Gwen Verdon Awards"], ibdb.com. Retrieved April 27, 2019.</ref> She had previously won a Tony for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for ''[[Can-Can (musical)|Can-Can]]'' (1954). In 1957, Fosse choreographed ''[[New Girl in Town]]'', also directed by Abbott, and Verdon won her second Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical in 1958.<ref name="gwen" />

In 1957, Fosse choreographed the film version of ''[[The Pajama Game (film)|The Pajama Game]]'' starring [[Doris Day]]. The next year, Fosse appeared in and choreographed the film version of ''[[Damn Yankees]],'' in which Verdon reprised her stage triumph as the character Lola. Fosse and Verdon were partners in the mambo number "Who's Got the Pain".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/2019/vintage/features/bob-fosse-gwen-verdon-1203185015/|title= Looking Back at the 'Fosse/Verdon' Dancing Legends That Inspired FX Series|website= Variety|date= April 12, 2019|accessdate= May 20, 2024}}</ref> In 1959, Fosse directed and choreographed the musical ''[[Redhead (musical)|Redhead]]''.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/fosse/multimedia/redhead.html 'Redhead'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108143537/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/fosse/multimedia/redhead.html |date=November 8, 2012 }} PBS, accessed January 27, 2010</ref> For his work on ''Redhead,'' Fosse won the Tony Award for Best Choreography while Verdon won her third Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. ''Redhead'' won the Tony Award for best musical.<ref>[http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/3113/Redhead "'Redhead' Broadway"] ''[[Playbill]]'', accessed January 12, 2016</ref> Fosse's next feature was supposed to be the musical ''[[The Conquering Hero]]'' based on a book by [[Larry Gelbart]], but he was replaced as director/choreographer.

In 1961, Fosse choreographed the satirical Broadway musical ''[[How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (musical)|How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying]]'' starring [[Robert Morse]]. The story revolves around an ambitious man, J. Pierrepont Finch (Morse), who, with the help of the book ''How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying,'' rises from window washer to chairman of the board of the World Wide Wicket Company. The musical was an instant hit.<ref name=gottfried /><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/fosse/multimedia/business2.html "That's Dancin: Fosse on Broadway, How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524150947/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/fosse/multimedia/business2.html |date=May 24, 2013}} PBS.</ref> In 1963, Fosse was nominated for two Tony Awards for Best Choreography and Best Direction of a Musical for the musical [[Little Me (musical)|''Little Me'']], winning the former.<ref name=":1" /> He choreographed and directed Verdon in ''[[Sweet Charity]]'' in 1966.<ref>[http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/9184/Sweet-Charity "'Sweet Charity' Broadway"]. ''Playbill'', accessed January 12, 2016</ref>

=== 1969–1979: Transition as a film director ===
Fosse directed five feature films. His first, ''[[Sweet Charity (film)|Sweet Charity]]'' (1969) starring [[Shirley MacLaine]], is an adaptation of the Broadway musical he had directed and choreographed. In 1972, Fosse directed his second theatrical film, ''[[Cabaret (1972 film)|Cabaret]]'', starring [[Liza Minnelli]], [[Michael York]] and [[Joel Grey]]. The film is based on the [[Cabaret (musical)|1966 musical of the same name]]. In the traditional manner of musical theater, called an "integrated musical", every significant character in the stage version sings to express his or her own emotion and to advance the plot. In the film version, the musical numbers are entirely [[Diegetic music|diegetic]]. The film focuses on a romance between Sally Bowles (Minnelli), who performs at the Kit Kat Klub, and a young British idealist, Brian Roberts, played by York. The story is set during the final decline of [[Weimar Germany]]. The film was an immediate success among audiences and critics alike. The film won eight [[Academy Awards]], including Best Director. [[Liza Minnelli]] and [[Joel Grey]] both won Oscars for their roles in ''[[Cabaret (1972 film)|Cabaret]]''.<ref>[https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/21780/cabaret#awards "'Cabaret' Awards"] Turner Classic Movies, accessed April 20, 2016.</ref> That same year they collaborated on the [[concert film]] ''[[Liza with a Z]]'', earning Fosse an [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]] for both direction and choreography.<ref name=":1" />

In 1973, Fosse's work on ''[[Pippin (musical)|Pippin]]'' won him the [[Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical]].<ref>[http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/6044/Pippin "'Pippin' Broadway"] ''Playbill''. Accessed January 12, 2016.</ref> He was director and choreographer of ''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'' in 1975, which also starred Verdon.<ref>[http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/3096/Chicago "'Chicago' Broadway"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220110112/http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/3096/Chicago |date=December 20, 2015}} ''Playbill''. Accessed January 12, 2016.</ref> In 1974, Fosse directed ''[[Lenny (film)|Lenny]]'', a biographical film about the controversial standup comedian [[Lenny Bruce]] portrayed by [[Dustin Hoffman]]. Fosse was again nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]], Hoffman also received a nomination for Best Actor.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1975|title= The 47th Academy Awards|website= Oscars.org|date= October 6, 2014|accessdate= May 20, 2024}}</ref>  Fosse performed a song and dance in [[Stanley Donen]]'s 1974 film version of [[The Little Prince (1974 film)|''The Little Prince'']]. According to ''AllMusic'', "Bob Fosse stops the show with a slithery dance routine."{{cn|date=December 2024}} In 1977, Fosse had a small role in the romantic comedy ''[[Thieves (1977 film)|Thieves]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eder|first=Richard|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D0CE5D81539E334BC4A52DFB466838C669EDE|title=Movie Review. 'Thieves'|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 12, 1977|archive-date=August 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821235746/https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D0CE5D81539E334BC4A52DFB466838C669EDE}}</ref>

In 1979, Fosse co-wrote and directed a semi-autobiographical film ''[[All That Jazz (film)|All That Jazz]]'' (1979), starring [[Roy Scheider]], which portrayed the life of a womanizing, drug-addicted choreographer and director in the midst of triumph and failure. [[Ann Reinking]] appears in the film as the protagonist's lover, protégée and domestic partner. ''All That Jazz'' won four [[Academy Awards]], earning Fosse his third Oscar nomination for Best Director.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1980|title= The 52nd Academy Awards|website= Oscars.org|date= March 2022|accessdate= May 20, 2024}}</ref> It also won the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[1980 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vogue.com/article/palme-dor-winning-films-to-rewatch-before-cannes|title= From Parasite to Anatomy of a Fall: 13 Palme d'Or-Winning Films to Rewatch Now|website= Vogue|date= June 16, 2021|accessdate= May 20, 2024}}</ref> [[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the film as "Mr. Fosse's answer to ''[[8½]]'' in which [[Federico Fellini]] wittily examined his own life at a point when he feared his creativity was at an end".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/20/archives/the-screen-roy-scheider-stars-in-all-that-jazzpeter-pan-syndrome.html|title= The Screen: Roy Scheider Stars in 'All That Jazz':Peter Pan Syndrome|website= [[The New York Times]]|date= December 20, 1979|accessdate= May 20, 2024|last1= Canby|first1= Vincent}}</ref>

=== 1980–1986: Final works ===
Fosse's final film, ''[[Star 80]]'' (1983), was a biographical movie about [[Dorothy Stratten]], a ''[[Playboy]]'' [[Playboy Playmate|Playmate]] who was murdered. The film is based on a [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning article. The film was screened out of competition at the [[34th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="Berlinale">{{cite web| url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1984/02_programm_1984/02_Programm_1984.html| title=Berlinale: 1984 Programme| access-date=2011-01-06| work=berlinale.de}}</ref> Critic [[Roger Ebert]] in his four star review of the film, wrote, "Although his Broadway musicals have been upbeat entertainments, he seems to see the movie camera as a device for peering into our shames and secrets...This is an important movie. Devastating, violent, hopeless, and important, because it holds a mirror up to a part of the world we live in, and helps us see it more clearly."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/star-80-1983|title= Star 80|website= Rogerebert.com|accessdate= May 20, 2024}}</ref>

In 1986, Fosse wrote, choreographed and directed the Broadway production of ''[[Big Deal (musical)|Big Deal]]'', which was nominated for five Tony awards, winning for [[Tony Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]], as well as five more for the revival of ''[[Sweet Charity]]'' at the nearby [[Minskoff Theater]], winning a [[Tony Award for Best Revival]].<ref name=":0" /> Fosse began work on a film about gossip columnist [[Walter Winchell]] that would have starred [[Robert De Niro]] as Winchell. The ''Winchell'' script was written by [[Michael Herr]]. Fosse died before starting the Winchell project.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/28/arts/all-singing-all-dancing-all-gotham.html|title= All Singing! All Dancing! All Gotham!|website= The New York Times|date= May 28, 1999|accessdate= May 20, 2024|last1= Douglas|first1= Ann}}</ref>