Editing Bleda (section)

==Bleda and Attila's rule==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2015}}

[[File:Buda Litho 2.jpg|thumb|right|Bleda in a lithograph by [[Josef Kriehuber]] (ca. 1828).]]
By 432, the Huns were united under Rugila. His death in 434 left his nephews Attila and Bleda (the sons of his brother [[Mundzuk]]) in control over all the united Hun tribes. At the time of their accession, the Huns were bargaining with Byzantine emperor [[Theodosius II]]'s envoys over the return of several renegade tribes who had taken refuge within the [[Roman Empire]]. The following year, Attila and Bleda met with the imperial legation at Margus (present-day [[Požarevac]]) and, all seated on horseback in the Hunnic manner, negotiated a successful treaty: the Romans agreed not only to return the fugitive tribes (who had been a welcome aid against the [[Vandals]]), but also to double their previous tribute of 350 Roman pounds (ca. 114.5&nbsp;kg) of gold, open their markets to Hunnish traders, and pay a ransom of eight ''[[Solidus (coin)|solidi]]'' for each Roman taken prisoner by the Huns. The Huns, satisfied with the treaty, decamped from the empire and returned to their home, perhaps to consolidate and strengthen their empire. Theodosius used this opportunity to strengthen the walls of [[Constantinople]], building the city's first sea wall, and to build up his border defenses along the [[Danube]].

For the next five years, the Huns stayed out of Roman sight as they tried to invade the [[Sassanid Empire|Persian Empire]]. A crushing defeat in [[Armenia]] caused them to abandon this attempt and return their attentions to [[Europe]]. In 440, they reappeared on the borders of the Roman Empire, attacking the merchants at the market on the north bank of the Danube that had been established by the treaty. Attila and Bleda threatened further war, claiming that the Romans had failed to fulfill their treaty obligations and that the Bishop of [[Požarevac|Margus]] had crossed the Danube to ransack and desecrate the royal Hun graves on the Danube's north bank. They crossed the Danube and laid waste to Illyrian cities and forts on the river, among them, according to Priscus, [[Viminacium]] (present-day [[Kostolac]]), which was a city of the [[Moesia]]ns in [[Illyria]]. Their advance began at Margus, for when the Romans discussed handing over the offending bishop, he slipped away secretly to the Huns and betrayed the city to them.

Theodosius had stripped the river's defenses in response to the Vandal [[Gaiseric]]'s capture of [[Carthage]] in 440 and the [[Sassanid]] [[Yazdegerd II]]'s invasion of Armenia in 441. This left Attila and Bleda a clear path through Illyria into the [[Balkans]], which they invaded in 441. The Hunnish army, having sacked Margus and Viminacium, took Singidunum (modern [[Belgrade]]) and [[Sirmium]] (modern [[Sremska Mitrovica]]) before halting. A lull followed in 442, and, during this time, Theodosius recalled his troops from [[North Africa]] and ordered a large new issue of coins to finance operations against the Huns. Having made these preparations, he thought it safe to refuse the Hunnish kings' demands.

Attila and Bleda responded by renewing their campaign in 443. Striking along the Danube, they overran the military centers of [[Ratiaria]] and successfully besieged [[Naissus]] (modern [[Niš]]) with [[battering ram]]s and other [[siege engine]]s (military sophistication that was new to the Hun repertory), then, pushing along the [[Nišava]], they took [[Serdica]] (Sofia), [[Plovdiv|Philippopolis]] (Plovdiv) and [[Arcadiopolis in Europa|Arcadiopolis]] (Luleburgaz). They encountered and destroyed the Roman force outside Constantinople and were only halted by their lack of siege equipment capable of breaching the city's massive walls. Theodosius admitted defeat and sent the court official [[Anatolius (consul 440)|Anatolius]] to negotiate peace terms, which were harsher than the previous treaty: the Emperor agreed to hand over 6,000 Roman pounds (ca. 1,963&nbsp;kg) of gold as punishment for having disobeyed the terms of the treaty during the invasion; the yearly tribute was tripled, rising to 2,100 Roman pounds (ca. 687&nbsp;kg) in gold; and the ransom for each Roman prisoner rose to twelve ''solidi.''

Their demands met for a time, the Hun kings withdrew into the interior of their empire. According to [[Jordanes]] (following Priscus), sometime during the peace following the Huns' withdrawal from Byzantium (probably around 445), Bleda died (killed by his brother, according to the classical sources), and Attila took the throne for himself. A few sources indicate that Bleda tried to kill Attila first, to which Attila retaliated.

In 448, [[Priscus]] encountered Bleda's widow, then governor of an unnamed village, while on an embassy to Attila's court.