Editing Bird of prey (section)

==Systematics==
===Historical classifications===
The taxonomy of [[Carl Linnaeus]] grouped birds (class Aves) into orders, genera, and species, with no formal ranks between genus and order. He placed all birds of prey into a single order, ''Accipitres'', subdividing this into four genera: ''[[Vulture|Vultur]]'' (vultures), ''[[Falco (bird)|Falco]]'' (eagles, hawks, falcons, etc.), ''[[Strix (genus)|Strix]]'' (owls), and ''[[Lanius]]'' (shrikes). This approach was followed by subsequent authors such as [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], [[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]] and [[William Turton|Turton]].

[[Louis Pierre Vieillot]] used additional ranks: order, tribe, family, genus, species. Birds of prey (order Accipitres) were divided into diurnal and nocturnal tribes; the owls remained monogeneric (family Ægolii, genus ''Strix''), whilst the diurnal raptors were divided into three families: Vulturini, Gypaëti, and Accipitrini.<ref name=Veillot1816>{{cite book |last1=Vieillot |first1=Louis Pierre |editor1-last=Saunders |editor1-first=Howard |title=Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire |year=1816 |edition=London 1883 |language=fr |publisher=Willughby Society |url=https://archive.org/details/vieillotsanalyse00viei }}{{page needed|date=April 2020}}</ref> Thus Vieillot's families were similar to the Linnaean genera, with the difference that shrikes were no longer included amongst the birds of prey. In addition to the original ''Vultur'' and ''Falco'' (now reduced in scope), Vieillot adopted four genera from Savigny: ''Phene'', ''Haliæetus'', ''Pandion'', and ''Elanus''. He also introduced five new genera of vultures (''Gypagus'', ''Catharista'', ''Daptrius'', ''Ibycter'', ''Polyborus''){{NoteTag|Vieillot included the caracaras (''Daptrius'', ''Ibycter'', and ''Polyborus'') in Vulturini, though it is now known that they are related to falcons.}} and eleven new genera of accipitrines (''Aquila'', ''Circaëtus'', ''Circus'', ''Buteo'', ''Milvus'', ''Ictinia'', ''Physeta'', ''Harpia'', ''Spizaëtus'', ''Asturina'', ''Sparvius'').

Falconimorphae is a deprecated [[superorder]] within Raptores, formerly composed of the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes. The clade was invalidated after 2012. Falconiformes is now placed in [[Eufalconimorphae]], while Strigiformes is placed in [[Afroaves]].<ref name="ericson20122">{{cite journal|last =Ericson|first =Per G. P.|date =2012|url = https://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800037316/ericson+gondwana+jbi+2012.pdf |title = Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations|journal =Journal of Biogeography|volume=39|issue=5|pages= 813–824|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02650.x|bibcode =2012JBiog..39..813E|s2cid =85599747}}</ref>

===Modern systematics===
[[File:bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg|thumb|[[Bald eagle]]]]

The order Accipitriformes is believed to have originated 44&nbsp;million years ago when it split from the common ancestor of the [[secretarybird]] (''Sagittarius serpentarius'') and the accipitrid species.<ref name=phy>{{cite journal |last1=Nagy |first1=Jenő |last2=Tökölyi |first2=Jácint |title=Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography and the Evolution of Migration in Accipitrid Birds of Prey (Aves: Accipitriformes) |journal=Ornis Hungarica |date=1 June 2014 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=15–35 |doi=10.2478/orhu-2014-0008 |doi-access=free |hdl=2437/197470 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The phylogeny of Accipitriformes is complex and difficult to unravel. Widespread [[Paraphyly|paraphylies]] were observed in many phylogenetic studies.<ref name=phy2>{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=Michael |last2=Sauer-Gürth |first2=Hedi |chapter=Phylogenetic relationships in diurnal raptors based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear marker genes |pages=483–498 |chapter-url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/2004/31.2004.pdf |editor1-last=Chancellor |editor1-first=Robin D. |editor2-last=Meyburg |editor2-first=Bernd-U. |title=Raptors Worldwide: Proceedings of the VI World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Budapest, Hungary, 18–23 May 2003 |date=2004 |publisher=World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, MME/BirdLife Hungary |isbn=978-963-86418-1-6 }}</ref><ref name=phy3>{{cite journal |last1=Helbig |first1=Andreas J. |last2=Kocum |first2=Annett |last3=Seibold |first3=Ingrid |last4=Braun |first4=Michael J. |title=A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=April 2005 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=147–164 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.003 |pmid=15737588 |bibcode=2005MolPE..35..147H }}</ref><ref name=phy4>{{cite journal |last1=Lerner |first1=Heather R.L. |last2=Mindell |first2=David P. |title=Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=November 2005 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=327–346 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010 |pmid=15925523 |bibcode=2005MolPE..37..327L }}</ref><ref name=phy5>{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=Carole S. |last2=Barrowclough |first2=George F. |last3=Groth |first3=Jeff G. |last4=Mertz |first4=Lisa A. |title=Phylogeny, diversity, and classification of the Accipitridae based on DNA sequences of the RAG-1 exon |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |date=September 2007 |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=587–602 |doi=10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03971.x }}</ref><ref name=phy6>{{cite journal |last1=do Amaral |first1=Fábio Raposo |last2=Sheldon |first2=Frederick H. |last3=Gamauf |first3=Anita |last4=Haring |first4=Elisabeth |last5=Riesing |first5=Martin |last6=Silveira |first6=Luís F. |last7=Wajntal |first7=Anita |title=Patterns and processes of diversification in a widespread and ecologically diverse avian group, the buteonine hawks (Aves, Accipitridae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=December 2009 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=703–715 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.020 |pmid=19635577 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009MolPE..53..703D }}</ref> More recent and detailed studies show similar results.<ref name=phy7>{{cite journal |last1=Breman |first1=Floris C. |last2=Jordaens |first2=Kurt |last3=Sonet |first3=Gontran |last4=Nagy |first4=Zoltán T. |last5=Van Houdt |first5=Jeroen |last6=Louette |first6=Michel |title=DNA barcoding and evolutionary relationships in Accipiter Brisson, 1760 (Aves, Falconiformes: Accipitridae) with a focus on African and Eurasian representatives |journal=Journal of Ornithology |date=23 September 2012 |volume=154 |issue=1 |pages=265–287 |doi=10.1007/s10336-012-0892-5 |s2cid=17933934 }}</ref> However, according to the findings of a 2014 study, the sister relationship between larger clades of Accipitriformes was well supported (e.g. relationship of ''Harpagus'' kites to buzzards and sea eagles and these latter two with ''Accipiter'' hawks are sister taxa of the clade containing Aquilinae and Harpiinae).<ref name="phy"/>

The [[Diurnality|diurnal]] birds of prey are formally classified into six [[family (biology)|families]] of two different orders (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes).
* [[Accipitridae]]: [[hawk]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[buzzard]]s, [[Harrier (bird)|harriers]], [[kite (bird)|kite]]s, and [[Old World vulture]]s
* [[Pandionidae]]: the [[osprey]]
* [[Sagittariidae]]: the [[secretarybird]]
* [[Falconidae]]: [[falcon]]s, [[Caracara (subfamily)|caracara]]s, and [[forest falcon]]s
* [[Cathartidae]]: New World vultures, including condors

These families were traditionally grouped together in a single order [[Falconiformes]] but are now split into two orders, the Falconiformes and [[Accipitriformes]]. The Cathartidae are sometimes placed in a separate order [[Cathartiformes]]. Formerly, they were sometimes placed in the order [[Ciconiiformes]].

The secretary bird and/or osprey are sometimes listed as subfamilies of Acciptridae: Sagittariinae and Pandioninae, respectively.

Australia's [[letter-winged kite]] is a member of the family [[Accipitridae]], although it is a nocturnal bird.

The [[nocturnal]] birds of prey—the [[owl]]s—are classified separately as members of two [[Extant taxon|extant]] [[Family (biology)|families]] of the order [[owl|Strigiformes]]:
* [[Strigidae]]: "typical owls"
* [[Tytonidae]]: barn and bay owls

===Phylogeny===
Below is a simplified phylogeny of [[Telluraves]] which is the clade where the birds of prey belong to along with passerines and several near-passerine lineages.<ref name="yuri2013">{{cite journal |last1=Yuri |first1=Tamaki |last2=Kimball |first2=Rebecca |last3=Harshman |first3=John |last4=Bowie |first4=Rauri |last5=Braun |first5=Michael |last6=Chojnowski |first6= Jena |last7=Han |first7=Kin-Lan |last8=Hackett |first8=Shannon |last9=Huddleston |first9=Christopher |last10=Moore |first10=William |last11=Reddy |first11=Sushma |last12=Sheldon |first12= Frederick |last13=Steadman |first13=David |last14=Witt |first14=Christopher |last15=Braun |first15=Edward |title=Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals |journal=Biology |date=13 March 2013 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=419–444 |doi=10.3390/biology2010419 |pmid=24832669 |pmc=4009869 |doi-access= free }}</ref><ref name="ericson20122" /><ref name = "Jarvis2014">{{cite journal |last1=Jarvis |first1=Erich D. |last2=Mirarab |first2=Siavash |last3=Aberer |first3=Andre J. |last4= Li |first4=Bo |last5=Houde |first5=Peter |last6=Li |first6=Cai |last7=Ho |first7=Simon Y. W. |last8=Faircloth |first8=Brant C. |last9=Nabholz |first9=Benoit |last10=Howard |first10= Jason T. |last11=Suh |first11=Alexander |last12=Weber |first12=Claudia C. |last13=da Fonseca |first13=Rute R. |last14=Li |first14=Jianwen |last15=Zhang |first15=Fang |last16=Li |first16= Hui |last17=Zhou |first17=Long |last18=Narula |first18=Nitish |last19=Liu |first19=Liang |last20=Ganapathy |first20=Ganesh |last21=Boussau |first21=Bastien |last22=Bayzid |first22= Md. Shamsuzzoha |last23=Zavidovych |first23=Volodymyr |last24=Subramanian |first24=Sankar |last25=Gabaldón |first25=Toni |last26=Capella-Gutiérrez |first26=Salvador |last27= Huerta-Cepas |first27=Jaime |last28=Rekepalli |first28=Bhanu |last29=Munch |first29=Kasper |last30=Schierup |first30=Mikkel |last31=Lindow |first31=Bent |last32=Warren |first32=Wesley C. |last33= Ray |first33=David |last34=Green |first34=Richard E. |last35=Bruford |first35=Michael W. |last36=Zhan |first36=Xiangjiang |last37=Dixon |first37=Andrew |last38=Li |first38= Shengbin |last39=Li |first39=Ning |last40=Huang |first40=Yinhua |last41=Derryberry |first41=Elizabeth P. |last42=Bertelsen |first42=Mads Frost |last43=Sheldon |first43=Frederick H. |last44=Brumfield |first44=Robb T. |last45=Mello |first45=Claudio V. |last46=Lovell |first46=Peter V. |last47=Wirthlin |first47=Morgan |last48=Schneider |first48=Maria Paula Cruz |last49= Prosdocimi |first49=Francisco |last50=Samaniego |first50=José Alfredo |last51=Velazquez |first51=Amhed Missael Vargas |last52=Alfaro-Núñez |first52=Alonzo |last53=Campos |first53= Paula F. |last54=Petersen |first54=Bent |last55=Sicheritz-Ponten |first55=Thomas |last56=Pas |first56=An |last57=Bailey |first57=Tom |last58=Scofield |first58=Paul |last59= Bunce |first59= Michael |last60=Lambert |first60=David M. |last61=Zhou |first61=Qi |last62=Perelman |first62=Polina |last63=Driskell |first63=Amy C. |last64=Shapiro |first64=Beth |last65= Xiong |first65= Zijun |last66=Zeng |first66=Yongli |last67=Liu |first67=Shiping |last68=Li |first68=Zhenyu |last69=Liu |first69=Binghang |last70=Wu |first70=Kui |last71=Xiao |first71= Jin |last72= Yinqi |first72=Xiong |last73=Zheng |first73=Qiuemei |last74=Zhang |first74=Yong |last75=Yang |first75=Huanming |last76=Wang |first76=Jian |last77=Smeds |first77= Linnea |last78=Rheindt |first78=Frank E. |last79=Braun |first79=Michael |last80=Fjeldsa |first80=Jon |last81=Orlando |first81=Ludovic |last82=Barker |first82=F. Keith |last83=Jønsson |first83= Knud Andreas |last84=Johnson |first84=Warren |last85=Koepfli |first85=Klaus-Peter |last86=O'Brien |first86=Stephen |last87=Haussler |first87=David |last88=Ryder |first88=Oliver A. |last89=Rahbek |first89=Carsten |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |last91=Graves |first91=Gary R. |last92=Glenn |first92=Travis C. |last93=McCormack |first93=John |last94=Burt |first94= Dave |last95=Ellegren |first95=Hans |last96=Alström |first96=Per |last97=Edwards |first97=Scott V. |last98=Stamatakis |first98=Alexandros |last99=Mindell |first99=David P. |display-authors= 29 |last100=Cracraft |first100=Joel |last101=Braun |first101=Edward L. |last102=Warnow |first102=Tandy |last103=Jun |first103=Wang |last104=Gilbert |first104=M. Thomas P. |last105=Zhang |first105=Guojie |title=Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds |journal=Science |date=12 December 2014 |volume=346 |issue=6215 |pages= 1320–1331 |doi=10.1126/science.1253451 |pmid=25504713 |pmc=4405904 |bibcode=2014Sci...346.1320J }}</ref> The orders in bold text are birds of prey orders; this is to show the [[paraphyly]] of the group as well as their relationships to other birds.

{{clade|style=font-size:83%;line-height:125%
|label1=[[Telluraves]]  
|1={{Clade
   |label1=[[Afroaves]]
   |1={{clade
      |1='''[[Accipitriformes]]''' (hawks, vultures, and relatives)[[File:Gyps fulvus -Basque Country-8 white background.jpg|50 px]]
      |label2=
      |2={{clade
         |1='''[[Strigiformes]]''' (owls)[[File:Tyto alba -British Wildlife Centre, Surrey, England-8a (1) white background.jpg|50 px]]
         |2=[[Coraciimorphae]] (woodpeckers, rollers, hornbills, etc.)[[File:Halcyon smyrnensis in India (8277355382) white background.jpg|50 px]]
    }} }}
   |label2=[[Australaves]]
   |2={{Clade
      |1=[[Cariamiformes]] (seriemas)[[File:Seriema (Cariama cristata) white background.jpg|50 px]]
      |label2=[[Eufalconimorphae]]
      |2={{Clade
         |1='''[[Falconiformes]]''' (falcons)[[File:Male Peregrine Falcon (7172188034) white background.jpg|50 px]]
         |2=[[Psittacopasserae]] (parrots and songbirds)[[File:Carrion crow 20090612 white background.png|50 px]]
}} }} }} }}

A recent phylogenomic study from Wu et al. (2024) has found an alternative phylogeny for the placement of the birds of prey. Their analysis has found support in a clade consisting of the Strigiformes and Accipitriformes in new clade [[Hieraves]]. Hieraves was also recovered to be the sister clade to [[Australaves]] (which it includes the Cariamiformes and Falconiformes along with [[Psittacopasserae]]). Below is their phylogeny from the study.<ref name="Wuetal2024">{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=S.|last2=Rheindt|first2=F.E.|last3=Zhang|first3=J.|last4=Wang|first4=J.|last5=Zhang|first5=L.|last6=Quan|first6=C.|last7=Zhiheng|first7=L.|last8=Wang|first8=M.|last9=Wu|first9=F.|last10=Qu|first10=Y|last11=Edwards|first11=S.V.|last12=Zhou|first12=Z.|last13=Liu|first13=L.|title=Genomes, fossils, and the concurrent rise of modern birds and flowering plants in the Late Cretaceous|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=121|issue=8|year=2024|pages=e2319696121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2319696121|doi-access=free|pmid=38346181 |pmc=10895254|bibcode=2024PNAS..12119696W }}</ref>

{{clade|style=font-size:83%;line-height:125%
|label1=[[Telluraves]]  
|1={{Clade
   |1=[[Coraciimorphae]] (woodpeckers, rollers, hornbills, etc.)[[File:Halcyon smyrnensis in India (8277355382) white background.jpg|50 px]]
   |2={{Clade
      |label1=[[Hieraves]]
      |1={{Clade
            |1={{Clade
               |label1=
               |1='''[[Strigiformes]]''' (owls)[[File:Tyto alba -British Wildlife Centre, Surrey, England-8a (1) white background.jpg|50 px]]
            |2={{Clade
               |1='''[[Accipitriformes]]''' (hawks, vultures, and relatives)[[File:Gyps fulvus -Basque Country-8 white background.jpg|50 px]]
       }} }} }}
    |label2=[[Australaves]]
    |2={{Clade 
           |1={{Clade
              |label1=
              |1=[[Cariamiformes]] (seriemas)[[File:Seriema (Cariama cristata) white background.jpg|50 px]]
           |2={{Clade
              |label1=[[Eufalconimorphae]]
              |1={{Clade
                 |1='''[[Falconiformes]]''' (falcons)[[File:Male Peregrine Falcon (7172188034) white background.jpg|50 px]]
                 |2=[[Psittacopasserae]] (parrots and songbirds)[[File:Carrion crow 20090612 white background.png|50 px]]
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}