Editing Bill Clinton (section)

==College and law school years==
===Georgetown University===
[[File:Clinton at Georgetown 1967.jpg|thumb|upright|Clinton ran for president of the [[Georgetown University Student Association|Student Council]] while attending the School of Foreign Service at [[Georgetown University]].]]

With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended the [[School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]] in Washington, D.C., receiving a [[Bachelor of Science]] in foreign service in 1968. Georgetown was the only university where Clinton applied.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kiefer |first1=Francine |title=Clinton: The Early Years |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html |access-date=April 9, 2021 |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=May 29, 1998}}</ref>

In 1964 and 1965, Clinton won elections for [[class president]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert E. Levin|title=Bill Clinton: The Inside Story|url=https://archive.org/details/billclinton00robe|url-access=registration|year=1992|publisher=SP Books|isbn=978-1-56171-177-2|pages=xxiv–xxv}}</ref> From 1964 to 1967, he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas senator [[J. William Fulbright]].<ref name="My Life" /> While in college, he became a brother of service fraternity [[Alpha Phi Omega]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apo.org/leadershipdevelopment | title=About Leadership | publisher=APO.org | access-date=April 7, 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101064634/http://apo.org/Leadershipdevelopment | archive-date=January 1, 2013 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and was elected to [[Phi Beta Kappa]]. He is a member of [[Kappa Kappa Psi]] honorary band fraternity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kkpsi.org/prominentmembers.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716182330/http://www.kkpsi.org/prominentmembers.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |title=Prominent Members |publisher=Kappa Kappa Psi |access-date=August 30, 2011 }}</ref>

===Oxford===
Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] to [[University College, Oxford]], where he initially read for a [[B.Phil.]] in [[Philosophy, Politics, and Economics|philosophy, politics, and economics]] but transferred to a [[Bachelor of Letters|B.Litt.]] in politics and, ultimately, a B.Phil. in politics.<ref name="Hoffman">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the-bill-clinton-we-knew-at-oxford-apart-from-smoking-dope-and-not-inhaling-what-else-did-he-learn-1556769.html|title=The Bill Clinton we knew at Oxford: Apart from smoking dope (and not inhaling), what else did he learn over here? College friends share their memories with Matthew Hoffman|first=Matthew|last=Hoffman|date=October 11, 1992|work=The Independent|access-date=August 24, 2017|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623195343/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the-bill-clinton-we-knew-at-oxford-apart-from-smoking-dope-and-not-inhaling-what-else-did-he-learn-1556769.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Clinton did not expect to return for the second year because of the draft and so he switched programs; this type of activity was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort. He was offered to study at [[Yale Law School]], so he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford.<ref name="First in His Class" /><ref name="Dowd">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/09/world/oxford-journal-whereas-he-is-an-old-boy-if-a-young-chief-honor-him.html | title=Oxford Journal; Whereas, He Is an Old Boy, If a Young Chief, Honor Him | last=Dowd | first=Maureen | author-link=Maureen Dowd | work=The New York Times | date=June 9, 1994 | access-date=July 17, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Hitch-22: A Memoir | first=Christopher | last=Hitchens |author-link=Christopher Hitchens | chapter=Chris or Christopher? | pages=106–107 | publisher=Atlantic books | location= London | isbn= 978-1-84354-922-2| date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref>

Clinton befriended fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller during his time at Oxford. In 1969, Aller received a [[Draft lottery (1969)|draft]] letter that mandated deployment to the [[Vietnam War]]. Aller's 1971 suicide had an influential impact on Clinton.<ref name="Hoffman"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/22/magazine/most-likely-to-succeed.html|title=Most Likely to Succeed|first=Alessandra|last=Stanley |author-link=Alessandra Stanley |date=November 22, 1992|work=The New York Times}}</ref> British writer and feminist [[Sara Maitland]] said of Clinton, "I remember Bill and Frank Aller taking me to a pub in Walton Street in the summer term of 1969 and talking to me about the Vietnam War. I knew nothing about it, and when Frank began to describe the napalming of civilians I began to cry. Bill said that feeling bad wasn't good enough. That was the first time I encountered the idea that liberal sensitivities weren't enough and you had to do something about such things".<ref name="Hoffman"/> Clinton was a member of the [[Oxford University Men's Basketball|Oxford University Basketball Club]] and also played for Oxford University's [[rugby union]] team.<ref>{{cite book | title=Rugby Union for Dummies |first1=Nick | last1=Cain |first2=Greg | last2=Growden |author2-link=Greg Growden |name-list-style=amp | chapter=21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby | page=297 | edition=2 | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | location= [[Chichester]], England | isbn=978-0-470-03537-5|year=2006 }}</ref>

While Clinton was president in 1994, he received an honorary [[Doctor of Civil Law]] degree and a fellowship from the [[University of Oxford]], specifically for being "a doughty and tireless champion of the cause of world peace", having "a powerful collaborator in his wife", and for winning "general applause for his achievement of resolving the gridlock that prevented an agreed budget".<ref name="Dowd"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/doctor-without-a-thesis-bill-clinton-gets-an-oxford-degree-today-but-jonathan-eyals-verdict-on-his-1421189.html|title=Doctor without a thesis: Bill Clinton gets an Oxford degree today, but Jonathan Eyal's verdict on his term's work is: a disaster|first=Jonathan|last=Eyal|date=June 8, 1994|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=August 24, 2017|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193859/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/doctor-without-a-thesis-bill-clinton-gets-an-oxford-degree-today-but-jonathan-eyals-verdict-on-his-1421189.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy===
During the Vietnam War, Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969.<ref>{{cite book|author=Neil A. Hamilton|title=Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfbt5NXvF64C&pg=PA366|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0816-2|page=366}}</ref> While at Oxford, he participated in [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|Vietnam War protests]] and organized a [[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam]] event in October 1969.<ref name="My Life" /> He was planning to attend law school in the U.S. and knew he might lose his deferment. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] and the [[Air Force Officer Training School|Air Force officer candidate school]], and he then made arrangements to join the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] (ROTC) program at the [[University of Arkansas]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven M. Gillon|title=The Pact: Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the Rivalry that Defined a Generation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-U2IzI2r5YC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-532278-1|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mikkelson|first=David|date=January 6, 2003|title=Was Bill Clinton a 'Felonious Draft Dodger'?|url= https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/clinton-draft-pardon/|access-date=January 31, 2021|agency=Snopes}}</ref>

He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC, National Guard, or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further stated that because he opposed the war, he would not volunteer to serve in uniform, but would subject himself to the draft, and would serve if selected only as a way "to maintain my political viability within the system".<ref>{{cite news | first=Bill | last=Clinton | agency=The Associated Press | title=The 1992 Campaign; A Letter By Clinton On His Draft Deferment: 'A War I Opposed And Despised' | work=The New York Times | date=February 13, 1992 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/13/us/1992-campaign-letter-clinton-his-draft-deferment-war-opposed-despised.html | access-date=July 30, 2019}}</ref> Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers{{nbsp}}1 to 310 would be [[Draft lottery (1969)|drafted]] before him, making it unlikely he would be called up. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.)<ref>{{cite news |last=Lauter |first=David |date=February 13, 1992 |title=Clinton Releases '69 Letter on ROTC and Draft Status |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-13-mn-2993-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles}}</ref> [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] Eugene Holmes, the Army officer involved with Clinton's ROTC application, issued a [[notarize]]d statement during the 1992 presidential campaign stating that he suspected Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft.<ref name="Morris1999">{{cite book | last=Morris | first=Roger | title=Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vq96BQV5lF4C&pg=PA100| date=April 25, 1999 | publisher=Regnery Publishing | isbn=978-0-89526-302-5 | page=100}}</ref>}}

During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in the [[United States Navy Reserve|Navy Reserve]], which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/candidates/democrat/clinton/skeletons/draft.shtml | title = Clinton's Draft Deferment | work=CNN |year= 1997 | access-date = June 19, 2014 }}</ref> Although legal, Clinton's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/etc/draftletter.html | title=Bill Clinton's Draft Letter | work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] | publisher=PBS | date=November 23, 1991 | access-date=August 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Frammolino | first=Ralph | url =https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-04-06-mn-447-story.html | title = ROTC Officer Unaware of Draft Notice: Clinton: The man whose action kept the future governor in school says he was not told of 1969 induction letter. Draft board insists none was sent | work=Los Angeles Times | date=April 6, 1992 | access-date = January 6, 2013 }}</ref> Clinton's 1992 campaign manager, [[James Carville]], successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public, insisting that voters, many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position.<ref>Public Broadcasting System, [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/interviews/carville.html Frontline: Interview with James Carville], 2000.</ref>

===Law school===
After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned a [[Juris Doctor]] (J.D.) degree in 1973.<ref name="First in His Class" /> In 1971, he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham, in the [[Lillian Goldman Law Library|Yale Law Library]]; she was a class year ahead of him.<ref name="HRCBio">{{cite web | url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/first-ladies/hillaryclinton | work=[[whitehouse.gov]] | title=Hillary Rodham Clinton | via=[[NARA|National Archives]] | access-date=August 26, 2011}}</ref> They began dating and were soon inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton postponed his summer plans to be a coordinator for the [[George McGovern]] [[George McGovern presidential campaign, 1972|campaign]] for the [[1972 United States presidential election]] to move in with her in California.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.nysun.com/national/clintons-berkeley-summer-of-love/66982 | title=The Clintons' Berkeley Summer of Love | first=Josh | last=Gerstein | work=The New York Sun | date=November 26, 2007 | access-date=May 9, 2009}}</ref> The couple continued [[cohabitating|living together]] in New Haven when they returned to law school.<ref name="nys-rad">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-radical-summer/66933/ |title=Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer |first=Josh | last=Gerstein |work=The New York Sun |date=November 26, 2007}}</ref>

Clinton eventually [[1972 United States presidential election in Texas#McGovern campaign|moved to Texas with Rodham in 1972]] to take a job leading McGovern's effort there. He spent considerable time in [[Dallas]], at the campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he had an office. Clinton worked with future two-term [[List of mayors of Dallas|mayor of Dallas]] [[Ron Kirk]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Medley|first1=Jasmine|title=William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Center and the Clinton School of Public Service|date=July 20, 2013|url=http://nasje.org/william-jefferson-clinton-presidential-center-and-the-clinton-school-of-public-service/|publisher=National Association of State Judicial Educators|access-date=November 22, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305132811/https://nasje.org/william-jefferson-clinton-presidential-center-and-the-clinton-school-of-public-service/|url-status=dead}}</ref> future [[List of governors of Texas|governor of Texas]] [[Ann Richards]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Slater|first1=Wayne|title=Texas stumping in '72 helped shape Clinton's campaign|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2016/03/01/from-the-archives-lone-star-stumping-gig-in-72-race-helped-shape-hillary-clintons-08-bid |newspaper=Dallas Morning News |date=December 16, 2007 |access-date=November 22, 2016}}</ref> and then unknown television director and filmmaker [[Steven Spielberg]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Felsenthal|first1=Carol|title=George McGovern and Bill Clinton: the State of the Friendship|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carol-felsenthal/george-mcgovern-and-bill_b_98845.html  |work=The Huffington Post |date=May 7, 2008 |access-date=November 22, 2016}}</ref>