Editing Bergen op Zoom (section)

== History ==
[[File:Map of Bergen op Zoom (Blaeu).jpg|thumb|left|Bergen op Zoom in 1649. Note marshes (left, top right), canalized diversion of the [[Scheldt]] and extensive fortifications.]]
[[File:BergenopZoom-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg|thumb|left|Topographic map of Bergen op Zoom, March 2014]]
Bergen op Zoom was granted [[City rights in the Low Countries|city status]] probably in 1212. In 1287 the city and its surroundings became a [[Lord|lordship]] as it was separated from the lordship of [[Breda]]. The lordship was elevated to a [[lords and margraves of Bergen op Zoom|margraviate]] in 1559. Several noble families, including the [[House of Glymes]], ruled Bergen op Zoom in succession until 1795, although the title was only nominal since at least the seventeenth century.

During the [[Early modern Europe|early modern period]], Bergen op Zoom was a very strong fortress and one of the main [[Armory (military)|armories]] and [[arsenal]]s of the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]]. It had a remarkable natural defensive site, surrounded as it was by marshes and easily flooded [[polder]]s. Furthermore, it could receive reinforcements and supplies by sea, if the [[Siege|besieging]] army did not have a fleet to blockade its port.

Due to these features, the city was one of the strategic points held by the Dutch during their revolt in the [[Eighty Years War]], beginning in the late sixteenth century. It was at that time besieged by [[Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza|Alessandro Farnese]] [[Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom (1588)|first in 1588]], and by [[Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases|Ambrosio Spinola]] [[Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622)|a second time in 1622]]. Both sieges were unsuccessful, and Bergen op Zoom got the nickname ''La Pucelle'' or ''The Virgin'' as it was never successfully taken in a siege.

In 1747, during the [[War of the Austrian Succession]], the [[French Army|French army]] [[Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)|laid siege]] to the city. Bergen op Zoom had been fortified by new works built at the beginning of the 17th century by [[Menno van Coehoorn]], with three forts surrounding the city and a canalized diversion of the [[Scheldt]] acting as a ditch around its walls. However, it had no second line of fortifications, nor any [[Fortification|fortress]]. After seventy days of siege, the city was taken and thoroughly [[Looting|sacked]]; the garrison was slaughtered.

During the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]], the town was [[Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1814)|again besieged]] by the British in March 1814 in a failed attempt to dislodge the French garrison.

===Trading town===
During the reign of Jan II van Glymes (1417–1494), nicknamed "Jan metten Lippen" (meaning "Jan with the big lips", probably caused by an infection), a surge in economic growth occurred in the city. Large fairs were held twice a year, in spring and fall, that were known both nationally and internationally. Merchants from all over Europe came to Bergen op Zoom to sell their goods.

Because of this major economic growth, the Sint-Gertrudischurch was enlarged. The enlargement was called the ''Nieuw Werck'' but was never finished, because of the economic recession of the mid-16th century. It fell into ruin. The economic recession was largely caused by the poor accessibility of the port, due to a number of floods in Zeeland and West-Brabant.  Because of the great reliance on the port, the economic growth received a major blow. In addition, the modernization of trade techniques, such as establishing of a permanent stock exchange instead of the fairs, which took place twice a year, also damaged the local economy.

The fairs continued until 1910. Despite the end of the two big fairs, Bergen op Zoom still hosts all kinds of smaller fairs and events.

===Religion===
During the [[Eighty Years' War]], Bergen op Zoom chose the side of the Dutch Republic, and, simultaneously, Protestantism. The Catholics of the city either adapted or moved to the surrounding countryside, which remained largely Catholic. The inhabitants who chose to stay Catholic went to church in secret barns and houses, since the local Sint-Getrudischurch was assigned to the Protestant community.

Slowly, most of the city council members of Bergen op Zoom became Protestant. Protestants dominated the council until the 18th century. After that, the number of Catholics in Bergen op Zoom increased and, during the second part of the 18th century, a majority of Bergen op Zoom's population was Catholic again. Although the Catholics enjoyed religious freedom during the French period in 1795–1814, their emancipation did not take place until later.

In 1832, a Catholic parish, the ‘Heilige Maagd ten Ophemeling’, was allowed to have its own church. In the same period, the Jewish community built a synagogue for their use. 

In 1972, the Protestant community, after the loss of many members, gave the Sint-Getrudischurch to the Catholic parish. Since the return of the Church, Catholic services have been held here again.

As a result of [[Turks in the Netherlands|Turkish]] and [[Moroccans in the Netherlands|Moroccan]] immigration to the Netherlands, the city has a significant Muslim minority.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Statistiek |first=Centraal Bureau voor de |date=2016-12-22 |title=Helft Nederlanders is kerkelijk of religieus |url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2016/51/helft-nederlanders-is-kerkelijk-of-religieus |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl-NL}}</ref>