Editing Battle of Stirling Bridge (section)

==Battle==
Surrey was concerned with the number of Scots he faced, separated by a long causeway and narrow, wooden bridge, over the River Forth near [[Stirling Castle]]. Determining that he would be at a tactical disadvantage if he attempted to take his main force across there, he delayed crossing for several days to allow for negotiations and to reconnoiter the area.<ref name=bbcsh>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/battle_of_stirling_bridge/ |title='The Battle of Stirling Bridge, 1297', Scotland's History, BBC |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911114103/https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/battle_of_stirling_bridge/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 September, Surrey had sent [[James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland|James Stewart]], and then two Dominican friars as emissaries to the Scots.  According to [[Walter of Guisborough]], Wallace reputedly responded with, "We are not here to make peace but to do battle to defend ourselves and liberate our kingdom. Let them come on and we shall prove this to their very beards."<ref name=sr/>

Camped on [[Abbey Craig]], the Scots dominated the soft flat ground north of the river. The English force of English, Welsh and Scots knights, bowmen and foot soldiers camped south of the river. Sir Richard Lundie,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lundie.org/newsite/lundie_of_that_ilk/lairds/lundie_lundy_lundin_ilk_sir_richard.htm |title=lundie.org |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014035229/http://www.lundie.org/newsite/lundie_of_that_ilk/lairds/lundie_lundy_lundin_ilk_sir_richard.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> a Scots knight who joined the English after the [[Capitulation of Irvine]], offered to outflank the enemy by leading a cavalry force over a [[ford (crossing)|ford]] {{convert|2|mi|km|0|abbr=off|spell=on}} upstream, where sixty horsemen could cross at the same time. Hugh de Cressingham, [[Edward I of England|King Edward]]'s treasurer in Scotland, persuaded the Earl to reject that advice and order a direct attack across the bridge.<ref name=alba/><ref name=sr/>

The small bridge was broad enough to let only two horsemen cross abreast but offered the safest river crossing, as the Forth widened to the east and the marshland of [[Flanders Moss]] lay to the west.<ref name=alba>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/warsofindependence/battleofstirlingbridge/ |title='The Battle of Stirling Bridge', Foghlam Alba |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716055249/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/warsofindependence/battleofstirlingbridge/ |archive-date=16 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Scots waited as the English knights and infantry, led by Cressingham, with Sir [[Marmaduke Thweng, 1st Baron Thweng|Marmaduke Thweng]] and Sir Richard Waldegrave, began to make their slow progress across the bridge on the morning of 11 September. It would have taken several hours for the entire English army to cross.<ref name=bbcsh/><ref name=sr/>

Wallace and Moray waited, according to the [[Chronicle of Hemingburgh]], until "as many of the enemy had come over as they believed they could overcome". When a substantial number of the troops had crossed (possibly about 2,000)<ref>Reid, Stuart. ''Battles of the Scottish Lowlands'', Battlefield Britain. Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2004</ref> the attack was ordered. The Scots spearmen came down from the high ground in rapid advance and fended off a charge by the English heavy cavalry and then counterattacked the English infantry. They gained control of the near side of the bridge and cut off the chance of English reinforcements to cross. Caught on the low ground in the loop of the river with no chance of relief or of retreat, most of the outnumbered English on the attacked side were probably killed. A few hundred may have escaped by swimming across the river.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/medieval/battleview.asp?BattleFieldId=71 |title='Battle of Stirling Bridge', UK Battlefields Resource Centre |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008205808/http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/medieval/battleview.asp?BattleFieldId=71 |url-status=live }}</ref> Marmaduke Thweng managed to fight his way back across the bridge with some of his men.<ref name=sr/>

Surrey, who was left with a small contingent of archers, had stayed south of the river and was still in a strong position. The bulk of his army remained intact and he could have held the line of the Forth, denying the Scots a passage to the south, but his confidence was gone. After the escape of Sir Marmaduke Thweng, Surrey ordered the bridge to be destroyed, retreated towards Berwick, leaving the garrison at Stirling Castle isolated and abandoning the Lowlands to the rebels. [[James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland|James Stewart]], the High Steward of Scotland, and [[Maol Choluim I, Earl of Lennox|Malcolm, Earl of Lennox]], whose forces had been part of Surrey's army, observing the carnage to the north of the bridge, withdrew. Then the English supply train was attacked at ''The Pows'', a wooded marshy area, by James Stewart and the other Scots lords, and many of the fleeing soldiers were killed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://my.stirling.gov.uk/services/community-life-and-leisure/local-history-and-heritage/local-history/the-wars/the-wars-stirling-bridge?theme=MyStirling |title='The Wars – Stirling Bridge', Stirling Council |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716105235/http://my.stirling.gov.uk/services/community-life-and-leisure/local-history-and-heritage/local-history/the-wars/the-wars-stirling-bridge?theme=MyStirling |archive-date=16 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Stirling Bridge of that time is believed to have been about {{convert|180|yd|m|abbr=off}} upstream from the [[Stirling Old Bridge|15th-century stone bridge]] that now crosses the river.<ref name=bbcsh/> Four stone piers have been found underwater just north ({{coord|56|07|45|N|03|56|12|W|type:landmark}}) and at an angle to the extant 15th-century bridge, along with man-made stonework on one bank in line with the piers. The site of the fighting was along either side of an earthen [[causeway]] leading from the [[Abbey Craig]], atop which the [[Wallace Monument]] is now, to the north end of the bridge.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-753-1/dissemination/pdf/1990/1992.pdf |title=Ancient Bridge, Stirling (Stirling parish) |author=Page, R. |journal=Discovery and Excavation in Scotland |year=1992 |pages=17 |access-date=14 December 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630093720/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-753-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2F1990%2F1992.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-753-1/dissemination/pdf/1990/1997.pdf |title=Stirling Ancient Bridge (Stirling; Logie parishes) |author1=Page, R. |author2=Main, L. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Discovery and Excavation in Scotland |year=1997 |pages=80–81 |access-date=14 December 2011 |archive-date=11 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911232709/http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-753-1/dissemination/pdf/1990/1997.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=BTL28|desc=Battle of Stirling Bridge|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> The battlefield has been [[Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland|inventoried]] and protected by [[Historic Scotland]] under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/battlefields/battlefieldsunderconsideration.htm |title=Inventory battlefields |publisher=Historic Scotland |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-date=16 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016125748/http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/battlefields/battlefieldsunderconsideration.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>