Editing Basal ganglia (section)

===Striatum===
{{Main|Striatum}}
[[File:Anatomy of the basal ganglia.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Basal ganglia]]
The striatum is a subcortical structure generally divided into the [[dorsal striatum]] and [[ventral striatum]]. The dorsal striatum is further divided into a [[Dorsomedial striatum|dorsomedial]] and [[dorsolateral striatum]].<ref name="JoN2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Turner KM, Svegborn A, Langguth M, McKenzie C, Robbins TW | title = Opposing Roles of the Dorsolateral and Dorsomedial Striatum in the Acquisition of Skilled Action Sequencing in Rats | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 42 | issue = 10 | pages = 2039–2051 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35086903 | pmc = 8916752 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1907-21.2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Voorn P, Vanderschuren LJ, Groenewegen HJ, Robbins TW, Pennartz CM | title = Putting a spin on the dorsal-ventral divide of the striatum | journal = Trends in Neurosciences | volume = 27 | issue = 8 | pages = 468–474 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15271494 | doi = 10.1016/j.tins.2004.06.006 | s2cid = 36496683 | author5-link = Cyriel Pennartz }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burton AC, Nakamura K, Roesch MR | title = From ventral-medial to dorsal-lateral striatum: neural correlates of reward-guided decision-making | journal = Neurobiology of Learning and Memory | volume = 117 | pages = 51–59 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 24858182 | pmc = 4240773 | doi = 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.05.003 }}</ref>

The striatum is composed mostly of [[medium spiny neuron]]s.  These [[GABAergic|GABAergic neurons]] project to the external (lateral) globus pallidus and internal (medial) globus pallidus as well as the substantia nigra [[pars reticulata]].  The projections into the globus pallidus and substantia nigra are primarily dopaminergic, although [[enkephalin]], [[dynorphin]] and [[substance P]] are expressed. The striatum also contains interneurons that are classified into nitrergic neurons (due to use of [[nitric oxide]] as a [[gaseous signaling molecules|neurotransmitter]]), tonically active (i.e. constantly releasing neurotransmitter unless inhibited) cholinergic interneurons, [[parvalbumin]]-expressing neurons and [[calretinin]]-expressing neurons.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lanciego JL, Luquin N, Obeso JA | title = Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia | journal = Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 12 | pages = a009621 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23071379 | pmc = 3543080 | doi = 10.1101/cshperspect.a009621 }}</ref> The dorsal striatum receives significant [[glutamatergic]] inputs from the cortex, as well as [[dopaminergic]] inputs from the substantia nigra pars compacta.  The dorsal striatum is generally considered to be involved in sensorimotor activities.  The ventral striatum receives glutamatergic inputs from the limbic areas as well as dopaminergic inputs from the VTA, via the [[mesolimbic pathway]]. The ventral striatum is believed to play a role in reward and other limbic functions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Threlfell S, Cragg SJ | title = Dopamine signaling in dorsal versus ventral striatum: the dynamic role of cholinergic interneurons | journal = Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience | volume = 5 | pages = 11 | date = 3 March 2011 | pmid = 21427783 | pmc = 3049415 | doi = 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00011 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The dorsal striatum is divided into the [[caudate nucleus|caudate]] and [[putamen]] by the [[internal capsule]] while the ventral striatum is composed of the [[nucleus accumbens]] and [[olfactory tubercle]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferré S, Lluís C, Justinova Z, Quiroz C, Orru M, Navarro G, Canela EI, Franco R, Goldberg SR | title = Adenosine-cannabinoid receptor interactions. Implications for striatal function | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 160 | issue = 3 | pages = 443–453 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20590556 | pmc = 2931547 | doi = 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00723.x }}</ref><ref name="Haber">{{cite book| vauthors = Haber SN |title=Neuroanatomy of Reward: A View from the Ventral Striatum|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92777/|publisher=CRC Press/Taylor & Francis|date=1 January 2011|pmid=22593898 |isbn=9781420067262|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303205023/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92777/|url-status=live}}</ref> The caudate has three primary regions of connectivity, with the head of the caudate demonstrating connectivity to the prefrontal cortex, [[cingulate cortex]] and [[amygdala]].  The body and tail show differentiation between the dorsolateral rim and ventral caudate, projecting to the sensorimotor and limbic regions of the striatum respectively.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robinson JL, Laird AR, Glahn DC, Blangero J, Sanghera MK, Pessoa L, Fox PM, Uecker A, Friehs G, Young KA, Griffin JL, Lovallo WR, Fox PT | title = The functional connectivity of the human caudate: an application of meta-analytic connectivity modeling with behavioral filtering | journal = NeuroImage | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 117–129 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22197743 | pmc = 3288226 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.010 }}</ref> [[Striatopallidal fibres]] connect the striatum to the pallidus.