Editing Baguio (section)

==History==
===Ibaloi town of Kafagway===
Baguio used to be a vast mountain zone with lush highland forests, teeming with various wildlife such as the indigenous deer, [[cloud rat]]s, [[Philippine eagle]]s, [[Philippine warty pig]]s, and numerous species of flora. The area was a hunting ground of the indigenous peoples, notably the [[Ibaloi people|Ibalois]] and other [[Igorot people|Igorot]] ethnic groups. When the Spanish arrived in the Philippines, the area was never fully subjugated by Spain due to the intensive defense tactics of the indigenous Igorots of the [[Cordillera Central (Luzon)|Cordilleras]].<ref name="PhilStudies2">{{Cite journal |last=Habana |first=Olivia M. |date=2000 |title=Gold Mining in Benguet to 1898 |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/files/journals/1/articles/1662/public/1662-1761-1-PB.pdf |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=48 |pages=475–476 |access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref>

Igorot oral history states the [[Benguet]] upper class, ''baknang'', was founded between 1565 and the early 1600s, by the marriage of a gold trader, Amkidit, and a Kankanaey maiden [[gold panning]] in Acupan. Their son, Baruy, discovered a gold deposit in the area, which he developed with hired workers and slaves.<ref name="PhilStudies2" />

In 1755, the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] [[Friar|Fray]] Pedro de Vivar established a mission in Tonglo (Tongdo) outside Baguio. Before he was driven out the following year, this {{lang|es|rancheria}} included 220 people, including several ''baknang'' families. The Spanish tried to regain the mission in 1759, but were ambushed. This prompted the Governor General [[Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban]] to send Don Manuel Arza de Urrutia on a punitive expedition, which resulted in the mission being burned to the ground.<ref name="PhilStudies2" />{{rp|477–478}}

===Spanish rule===
During [[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|Spanish rule]] in 1846, the Spaniards established a command post or a ''{{lang|es|comandancia}}'' in the nearby town of [[La Trinidad, Benguet|La Trinidad]], and organized Benguet into 31 {{lang|es|[[ranchería]]s}}, one of which was Kafagway, a wide grassy area where the present [[Burnham Park (Baguio)|Burnham Park]] is situated. Kafagway was then a minor {{lang|es|rancheria}} consisting of only about 20 houses; most of the lands in Kafagway were owned by a prominent Ibaloi, [[Mateo Cariño]], who served as its chieftain.<ref name="NordisNet-BaguioHistory2">{{Cite news |last=Boquiren |first=Rowena Reyes |date=August 23, 2015 |title=Baguio's history and cultural heritage |work=Northern Dispatch Weekly |url=http://www.nordis.net/2015/08/baguios-history-and-cultural-heritage/ |access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref> The Spanish {{lang|es|presidencia}}, which was located at Bag-iw at the vicinity of Guisad Valley was later moved to Cariño's house where the current city hall stands. ''Bag-iw'' was the Ibaloi toponym of the town, an Ibaloi term for "moss" which was historically abundant in the area. This name was spelled by the Spaniards as ''Baguio''.<ref name="BaguioMidlandCourier3" /><ref name="DILG-CAR2">{{Cite web |title=Baguio City; History and Government |url=http://www.dilgcar.com/index.php/baguio-city |access-date=February 21, 2016 |website=[[Department of the Interior and Local Government]] – Cordillera Administrative Region}}</ref>

===First Philippine Republic===

During the [[Philippine Revolution]] in July 1899, Filipino revolutionary forces under [[Pedro Paterno]] liberated La Trinidad from the Spaniards and took over the government, proclaiming Benguet as a province of the new [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]. Baguio was converted into a "town", with Mateo Cariño being the {{lang|es|presidente}} (mayor).<ref name="BaguioMidlandCourier3" /><ref name="DILG-CAR2" />

===American rule===
{{multiple image
| align             = left
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 200
| image1            = Burnham Plan Baguio.png
| caption1          = Baguio city plan map made by [[Daniel Burnham]], circa 1905
| image2            = Baguio-government-center-1909.jpg
| caption2          = Summer offices of the Philippine Insular Government in Baguio in 1909
| image3            = Philippine Island - Baguio - NARA - 68155828.jpg
| caption3          = Aerial view of Baguio, 1937
}}

When the United States occupied the Philippines after the [[Spanish–American War]], Baguio was selected to become the [[summer capital]] of the then [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]]. American zoologist [[Dean Conant Worcester]] headed an expedition in 1900 after convincing U.S. Secretary of State [[Elihu Root]] to order an expedition to a cool place in the northern mountains of the Philippines.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fong |first1=Jimmy Balud |title=Ibaloys "Reclaiming" Baguio: The Role of Intellectuals |journal=Plaridel |date=2017 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=57–61 |doi=10.52518/2017.14.2-03fong |url=https://www.plarideljournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017-02-Fong.pdf |access-date=August 20, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines|UP College of Mass Communication]] |s2cid=245578979 |issn=1656-2534 |oclc=9376665232}}</ref> [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]] [[William Taft]], on his first visit in 1901, noted the "air as bracing as [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondacks]] or [[La Malbaie|Murray Bay]]..."<ref name="Kane2">{{Cite book |last=Kane |first=S.E. |title=Life and Death in Luzon or Thirty Years with the Philippine Head-Hunters |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1933 |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|317–319}} On November 11, 1901, the American colonial government expropriated lands in Baguio owned by the Ibaloi people, who were forced to sell their lands.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabreza |first1=Vincent |title=How the Ibaloi lost their land |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/563875/how-the-ibaloi-lost-their-land |access-date=August 20, 2023 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=January 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116030756/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/563875/how-the-ibaloi-lost-their-land |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1903, [[Filipinos]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]] and [[Chinese people|Chinese]] workers were hired to build [[Kennon Road]], the first road directly connecting Baguio with the lowlands of [[La Union]] and [[Pangasinan]]. Before this, the only road to [[Benguet]] was [[Naguilian Road]], and it was largely a horse trail at higher elevations.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} [[Camp John Hay]] was established in October 1903, after [[President of the United States|President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] signed an [[Executive order (United States)|executive order]] setting aside land in [[Benguet]] for a military reservation for the [[United States Army]] to rest and recuperate from the lowland heat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://campjohnhaybaguio.com/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201121033/http://campjohnhaybaguio.com/history/ |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |access-date=September 16, 2022 |website=Camp John Hay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Agoot |first=Liza |date=September 27, 2018 |title=Camp John Hay stays on eco-tourism path |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1049240 |access-date=September 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927172917/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1049240 |archive-date=September 27, 2018}}</ref> It was named after Roosevelt's [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], [[John Milton Hay]].

[[The Mansion (Baguio)|The Mansion]], built in 1908, served as the official residence of the American Governor-General during the summer to escape Manila's heat. The Mansion was designed by architect [[William E. Parsons]] based on preliminary plans by architect [[Daniel Burnham]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cody |first=Jeffrey W |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCUETPfCZrYC |title=Exporting American Architecture, 1870–2000 |publisher=Alexandrine Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-203-98658-X |publication-place=Oxford |page=23}}</ref>

Burnham, one of the earliest successful modern [[Urban planner|city planners]], designed the mountain retreat following the tenets of the [[City Beautiful movement]]. In 1904, the rest of the city was planned out by Burnham. On September 1, 1909, Baguio was declared as a chartered city and nicknamed the "Summer Capital of the Philippines".<ref name="BaguioGovPH-About2">{{Cite web |title=About Baguio City |url=http://www.baguio.gov.ph/about-baguio-city |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903153021/http://www.baguio.gov.ph/about-baguio-city |archive-date=September 3, 2018 |access-date=March 29, 2019 |website=City Government of Baguio}}</ref>

The succeeding period saw further developments of and in Baguio with the construction of Wright Park in honor of Governor-General [[Luke Edward Wright]], [[Burnham Park (Baguio)|Burnham Park]] in honor of Burnham, [[Governor Pack Road]], and [[Session Road]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Americans in Baguio |url=http://www.gobaguio.com/americans-and-baguio.html |access-date=June 17, 2018 |publisher=Go Baguio:Your Complete Guide to Baguio City, Philippines}}</ref>

===World War II===
{{main|Battle of Baguio (1945)}}
[[File:Session_Road_Ruins.jpg|thumb|An office building along [[Session Road]] destroyed by artillery fire during the [[Battle of Baguio (1945)|Battle of Baguio]]. The building had been demolished in 2021 to pave way for a new building.]]

Prior to [[World War II]], Baguio was the summer capital of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]], and the home of the [[Philippine Military Academy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sakakida |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAMu80z3wvkC&pg=PA165 |title=A Spy in Their Midst: The World War II Struggle of a Japanese-American Hero |last2=Kiyosaki |first2=Wayne S. |date=July 3, 1995 |publisher=Madison Books |isbn=978-1-4616-6286-0 |page=165 |author-link=Richard Sakakida}}</ref>  As such, it was very important in military and political terms. Philippine President [[Manuel Quezon]] was even in Baguio when the war began.

On December 8, 1941, 17 Japanese bombers attacked [[Camp John Hay]],<ref name="People2">{{Cite book |last1=Bagamaspad |first1=Anavic |title=A People's History of Benguet |last2=Hamada-Pawid |first2=Zenaida |date=1985 |publisher=Baguio Printing & Publishing Company, Inc. |pages=290–302}}</ref>{{rp|291}}as part of the first Japanese air raid on Luzon.<ref name="WW2Bolido">{{Cite news |last=Bolido |first=Linda B. |date=May 25, 2015 |title=Baguio–where WWII began and ended |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/693483/baguio-where-wwii-began-and-ended}}</ref> Baguio was declared an [[open city]] in December 27.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uayan |first=Jean Uy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XLnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136 |title=A Study of the Emergence and Early Development of Selected Protestant Chinese Churches in the Philippines |date=June 30, 2017 |publisher=Langham Publishing |isbn=9781783682829 |access-date=September 14, 2022}}</ref>

Following the [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Japanese invasion of the Philippines]] in 1941, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] used [[Camp John Hay]], an American installation in Baguio, as a military base.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Flowers, new song for 72nd year of Baguio war bombings |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/543421/flowers-new-song-for-72nd-year-of-baguio-war-bombings |access-date=August 28, 2016}}</ref> The nearby [[Philippine Constabulary]] base, [[Camp Holmes Internment Camp|Camp Holmes]], was used as an [[internment camp]] for about 500 civilian enemy aliens, mostly Americans, between April 1942 and December 1944.<ref name="Morton-2018">{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Gillian |url=https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:621061/datastream/PDF/view |title=Surviving and Striving for Normalcy: The Endurance of the Americans of Baguio Interned by the Japanese in the Philippines During World War II |date=2018 |publisher=Florida State University Libraries |pages=22–23 |access-date=September 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916094618/https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:621061/datastream/PDF/view |archive-date=September 16, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>''Forbidden Diary: A Record of Wartime Internment, 1941–1945'' by Natalie Crouter (Burt Franlin & Co. 1980)<!-- ISSN/ISBN, page(s) needed --></ref>

[[File:Surrender_of_Japanese_Forces_in_the_Philippines_1945.jpg|thumb|General Yamashita (center, on the near side of the table) at the surrender ceremony at [[Camp John Hay]] on September 3, 1945.]]

President [[Jose P. Laurel|José P. Laurel]] of the [[Second Philippine Republic]], a [[puppet state]] established in 1943, departed the city on March 22 and reached [[Taiwan]] eight days later, on March 30.<ref name="SMCOrg">{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Ricardo T. |title=Government in Exile |url=http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N1-2ART8.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010081702/http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N1-2ART8.pdf |archive-date=October 10, 2014 |access-date=September 24, 2014 |website=Scalabrini Migration Center}}</ref> The remainder of the Second Republic government, along with Japanese civilians, were ordered to evacuate Baguio on March 30. General [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] and his staff then relocated to [[Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya]].<ref name="Zeiler2">{{Cite book |last=Zeiler |first=Thomas W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gst1FpsWZQC&pg=PA134 |title=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II |date=2004 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9 |page=134}}</ref>

By late March 1945, Baguio was within range of the American and Filipino military [[Field artillery|artillery]].<ref name="SMCOrg" /> Between March 4 and 10, United States [[Fifth Air Force]] planes dropped 933 tons of bombs and 1,185 gallons of [[napalm]] on Baguio, reducing much of the city to rubble.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Angel Velasco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ |title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999 |last2=Francia |first2=Luis H. |date=December 2002 |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219] |language=en}}</ref> A major offensive to capture Baguio did not occur until April 1945, when the [[United States Army Forces in the Philippines – Northern Luzon|USAFIP-NL]]'s 1st Battalion of the 66th Infantry, attached with the United States Army's [[37th Infantry Division (United States)|37th Infantry Division]], the USAFIP-NL's 2nd Battalion of 66th Infantry, attached with the US [[33rd Infantry Division (United States)|33rd Infantry Division]], and the USAFIP-NL's 3rd Battalion of the 66th Infantry, converged on Baguio. By April 27, 1945, the city was liberated and the joint force proceeded to liberate the La Trinidad valley.<ref name="People2" />

In September 1945, the Japanese forces in the Philippines, headed by General Yamashita and Vice Admiral Okochi, formally surrendered at [[John Hay Air Station#The American Residence|Camp John Hay's American Residence]] in the presence of [[lieutenant general]]s [[Arthur Percival]] and [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Jonathan Wainwright]].<ref name="multiref2">{{cite book|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents|title=Reports of General MacArthur: The Campaign of MacArthur in the Pacific, Volume I|author=General Staff of General of the Army [[Douglas MacArthur]]|date=1966|publisher=United States Army|isbn=978-1-78266-035-4|page=464|chapter=Chapter XIV: Japan's Surrender|access-date=September 25, 2014|chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch14.htm|archive-date=February 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181053/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |title=The American Residence in Baguio |url=http://manila.usembassy.gov/about-us/american-residence-in-baguio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903065401/http://manila.usembassy.gov/about-us/american-residence-in-baguio.html |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |access-date=September 25, 2014 |website=Embassy of the United States, Manila, Philippines |publisher=United States Department of State}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQWJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|title=A Great Betrayal: The Fall of Singapore Revisited|last1=Farrell|first1=Brian|last2=Hunter|first2=Sandy|date=December 15, 2009|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=9789814435468|page=163}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO2mx314ST0C&pg=PA1727|title=Almanac of American Military History, Volume 1|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|date=November 21, 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-530-3|page=1727}}</ref>

=== Post-World War II recovery ===
With the end of World War II, Baguio recovered quickly, earning a significant reputation as a tourism venue and earning significantly from tourism even though it ceased to be the official "Summer Capital of the Philippines" in 1976.<ref name="BaguioGovPH-History">{{Cite web |title=Baguio City Ecological Profile; History |url=https://www.baguio.gov.ph/sites/default/files/city_planning_and_development_office/downloadable_forms/Ecological%20Profile%202018%20Chapter%201.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605100834/https://www.baguio.gov.ph/sites/default/files/city_planning_and_development_office/downloadable_forms/Ecological%20Profile%202018%20Chapter%201.pdf |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |access-date=September 14, 2022 |website=City Government of Baguio |publisher=2018 |page=4}}</ref>

=== During the Marcos dictatorship ===
The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines,<ref name="Robles2016">{{Cite book |last=Robles |first=Raissa |title=Marcos Martial Law: Never Again |publisher=Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc. |year=2016 }}</ref> as well as in Baguio.<ref name="Panaglagip"/><ref name="BantayogProfileMaitaGomez"/> During his [[Ferdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign|bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected]] for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused<ref name=Balbosas1992>{{Cite journal |last=Balbosa |first=Joven Zamoras |date=1992 |title=IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines |journal=Journal of Philippine Development |volume=XIX |issue=35 |url=https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921141056/https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Balisacan&Hill2003">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_L9k58WM9UC&q=The+Philippine+economy+under+Marcos:+A+balance+sheet |title=The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges |last1=Balisacan |first1=A. M. |last2=Hill |first2=Hal |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195158984 |language=en}}</ref> the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the [[1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis]], which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest.<ref name="Cororaton1997">{{Cite journal |last=Cororaton |first=Cesar B.  |title=Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines |journal=DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05 |pages=3, 19}}</ref><ref name="Kessler1989">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/rebellionrepress0000kess |title=Rebellion and repression in the Philippines |last=Kessler |first=Richard J. |date=1989 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300044062 |location=New Haven |oclc=19266663 |url-access=registration }}</ref> {{rp|page="43"}}<ref name="Celoza1997">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC|title=Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism|last=Celoza|first=Albert F.|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275941376|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/philippinesreade00schi |title=The Philippines reader : a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance |last=Schirmer |first=Daniel B. |date=1987 |publisher=South End Press |isbn=0896082768 |edition=1st |location=Boston |oclc=14214735 }}</ref> With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under [[Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos|Martial Law]] in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.<ref name ="Kasaysayan9ch10">{{Cite book |title=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. |publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited |year=1998 |editor-last=Magno |editor-first=Alexander R. |location=Hong Kong |chapter=Democracy at the Crossroads}}</ref>  This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights abuses]],<ref name="McCoy199909202">{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html|title=Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime|date=September 20, 1999|publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]]}}</ref><ref name="Abinales&Amoroso20052">{{Cite book|title=State and society in the Philippines|last1=Abinales|first1=P.N.|last2=Amoroso|first2=Donna J.|date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0742510234|location=Lanham, MD|oclc=57452454}}</ref> particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.<ref name="Rappler">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/182828-marcos-dictatorship-martial-law-youth-leaders-killed|title=Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law|work=Rappler|access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref> 

During this time, Baguio City jail was partially adapted to become a detention center for "[[Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship |political detainees]]" who were jailed because the administration saw them as threats, and who were often held without being formally charged, which is why they were classified as "detainees", not "prisoners."<ref name="binubura">{{cite web | url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/803518/ricky-lee-martial-law-detainee-on-historical-revisionism-para-akong-binubura/story/ | title=Ricky Lee, martial law detainee, on historical revisionism: 'Para akong binubura' | date=September 16, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="RocamoraBook">{{Cite book |last=Rocamora |first=Rick |title=Dark Memories of Torture, Incarceration, Disappeareance, and Death under Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr.'s Martial Law |year=2023 |isbn=979-8-218-96751-2 |location=Quezon City}}</ref> Among the prominent prisoners held at the Baguio City jail were 1967 Miss Philippines–World [[Maita Gomez]] who had spoken against the government,<ref name="BantayogProfileMaitaGomez">{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2023 |title=Martyrs & Heroes: Maita Gomez |url=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/maita-gomez/ |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US}}</ref> and Bulletin Today journalist Isidoro Chammag who had angered Marcos' soldiers by covering the 1983 [[Beew Massacre]] in [[Tubo, Abra]].<ref name="Panaglagip">Panaglagip: The North Remembers – Martial Law Stories of Struggle and Survival Edited by Joanna K. Cariño and Luchie B. Maranan.</ref>{{rp|page=197–198}} Camp Henry T. Allen, the original site of the Philippine Military Academy near the Baguio City Hall, was also designated as a detention center during this time.<ref name="Panaglagip"/>{{rp|page=142}} Many of these political detainees could not afford represenation, so the Baguio Chapter of the [[Free Legal Assistance Group]], headed by Human Rights Lawyer [[Arthur Galace]], was kept busy defending them throughout the Martial law era.<ref name="BantayogProfileArthurGalace">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-04 |title=Martyrs and Heroes: Arthur Galace |url=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/arthur-galace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814205230/https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/arthur-galace/ |archive-date=2024-08-14 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== During the 1986 People Power Revolution ===
{{main| People Power Revolution}}
In the wake of the [[Snap Presidential elections of 1986]], antidictatorship organizers were based largely in the Azotea Building midway up Session Road, and in Cafe Amapola further up Session, on its intersection with Governor Pack Road. Because the United States' Armed Forces Radio and Television Network station at Camp John Hay was transmitting news from Manila, they learned early on that the [[People Power revolution|People Power Revolution]] had begun in Manila. Deciding that their locations were too unsafe, they encamped in the courtyard of the [[Baguio Cathedral]], which was located on higher ground.<ref name="PeoplePowerBaguioRappler">{{Cite news |title=EDSA '86 up north: The day Baguio turned yellow |language=en |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/baguio-people-power-edsa-revolution |access-date=March 17, 2021}}</ref> They were later joined by Lt. [[Benjamin Magalong]], of the [[Philippine Constabulary]] detachment in Buguias, Benguet,<ref name="PeoplePowerBaguioHerald">{{Cite news |title=Remembering the People's Power Revolution in Baguio |language=en-US |work=Baguio Herald Express |url=https://www.baguioheraldexpressonline.com/remembering-the-peoples-power-revolution-in-baguio-2c/ |access-date=March 17, 2021}}</ref> who had defected from the government, gone to the nearby Central Police Station in Baguio, and disarmed its personnel to prevent any untoward incidents while Baguio residents continued to gather at the cathedral to protest the [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|abuses of the Marcos administration]].<ref name="PeoplePowerBaguioHerald" /> The Baguio Cathedral, and Session Road adjacent to it, thus became the center of the [[People Power revolution]] in Baguio - paralleling similar protests in [[Cebu City|Cebu]], [[Davao City|Davao]], [[Bacolod]], [[Manila]], and other major Philippine cities, eventually leading to the ouster of President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] on February 25, 1986.<ref name="PeoplePowerBaguioRappler" />

=== Creation of the Cordillera Administrative Region ===
On July 15, 1987, President [[Corazon Aquino]] issued ''[[Executive order (Philippines)|Executive Order]] 220'' which created the Cordillera Administrative Region,<ref name="CountrySTAT">{{Cite web |title=Regional Profile: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) |url=http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=16&r=14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022184555/http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=16&r=14 |archive-date=October 22, 2014 |access-date=September 18, 2014 |website=CountrySTAT Philippines}}</ref><ref name="DeptAgri">{{Cite web |title=The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) |url=http://ati.da.gov.ph/car/about/cordillera-administrative-region-car |access-date=September 18, 2014 |website=Department of Agriculture |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402220535/http://ati.da.gov.ph/car/about/cordillera-administrative-region-car |url-status=dead }}</ref> and made the highly urbanized city of Baguio its seat of government.<ref name="baguio.gov.ph" /> [[Cordillera autonomy movement|Various attempts]] at legally turning the Cordillera Administrative Region into an [[autonomy|autonomous region]] have been pursued, but failed to gather enough public support in two separate autonomy [[plebiscite]]s.<ref name="ABS-CBNNews">{{Cite news |last=Ferrer |first=Miriam Coronel |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Cordillera autonomy - Miriam Coronel Ferrer |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/insights/04/08/10/cordillera-autonomy-miriam-coronel-ferrer |access-date=January 4, 2015}}</ref>

=== 1990 Luzon Earthquake and aftermath ===
The [[1990 Luzon earthquake]] ({{M|s|link=y}} = 7.7) destroyed some parts of Baguio and the surrounding province of Benguet on the afternoon of July 16, 1990.<ref name="Phivolcs-1990Earthquake2">{{Cite web |last1=Punongbayan |first1=Raymundo S. |last2=Rimando |first2=Rolly E. |last3=Daligdig |first3=Jessie A. |last4=Besana |first4=Glenda M. |last5=Daag |first5=Arturo S. |last6=Nakata |first6=Takashi |last7=Tsutsumi |first7=Hiroyuki |title=The July 16 Earthquake; A Technical Monograph |url=http://earthquake.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/update_SOEPD/Earthquake/1990LuzonEQ_Monograph/pp001/pp001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007001103/http://earthquake.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/update_SOEPD/Earthquake/1990LuzonEQ_Monograph/pp001/pp001.html |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2018 |publisher=[[Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology]]; Hiroshima University}}</ref> A significant number of buildings and infrastructure were damaged, including the Hyatt Terraces Plaza, Nevada Hotel, Baguio Park Hotel, FRB Hotel and Baguio Hilltop Hotel; major highways were temporarily blocked due to landslides and pavement breakup; and a number of houses were leveled or severely shaken with numerous casualties.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gwen de la Cruz |date=July 16, 2014 |title=Remembering the 1990 Luzon Earthquake |work=Rappler |url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/63417-remembering-1990-luzon-earthquake |access-date=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Some of the fallen buildings were built on or near fault lines; local architects later admitted structural building codes should have been followed more religiously, particularly regarding concrete and rebar standards, and "soft stories." Baguio has been rebuilt with aid from the national government and international donors such as [[Japan]], [[Singapore]] and the [[United States]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}