Editing Autonomous building (section)

===1970s===
[[Image:PHOENIXBATH.jpg|thumb|The bathroom of an [[Earthship]], featuring a recycled [[bottle wall]] ]]
In the 1970s, groups of [[activists]] and [[engineers]] were inspired by the warnings of imminent [[resource depletion]] and starvation. In the United States, a group calling themselves the [[New Alchemy Institute|New Alchemists]] were famous for the depth of research effort placed in their projects. Using conventional [[construction]] techniques, they designed a series of "[[bioshelter]]" projects, the most famous of which was [[The Ark (Prince Edward Island)|The Ark]] [[bioshelter]] community for [[Prince Edward Island]]. They published the plans for all of these, with detailed design calculations and blueprints. The Ark used wind-based water pumping and electricity and was self-contained in food production. It had living quarters for people, [[fish farming|fish]] tanks raising [[tilapia]] for [[protein]], a [[greenhouse]] watered with fish water, and a closed-loop sewage reclamation system that [[Recycling|recycled human waste]] into sanitized fertilizer for the fish tanks.<ref>{{cite web | last=Rose | first=Steve | title=The New Alchemists: could the past hold the key to sustainable living? | website=The Guardian | date=29 September 2019 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/ng-interactive/2019/sep/29/the-new-alchemists-could-the-past-hold-the-key-to-sustainable-living | access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> 

Around 1975–1977, Australian architect and lecturer at  [[University of Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning|University of Sydney School of Architecture]], [[Col James (architect)|Col James]], in collaboration with urban designer, architect, artist, and university tutor Nick Hollo, designed and built an [[autonomous house]] on university grounds, in collaboration with students.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Catherine |last1=De Lorenzo|first2=Cheng |last2=XuNote |date=2011 | title=Nick Hollo: biography | website=  [[Design and Art Australia Online]] | url=https://www.daao.org.au/bio/nick-hollo/biography/ | access-date=25 January 2025|quote= Date written: 2008; Last updated: 2011}}</ref> This taught self-build sustainability to hundreds of students.<ref>{{cite web |first= Tone |last=Wheeler| title=Dempsey Warehouse: A pioneering model for cooperative housing | website=ArchitectureAu | date=13 March 2024 | url=https://architectureau.com/articles/dempsey-warehouse-by-marra-and-yeh/ | access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Stickells | first=Lee | title=Journeys with the Autonomous House | journal=Fabrications | volume=27 | issue=3 | date=2 September 2017 | issn=1033-1867 | doi=10.1080/10331867.2017.1368911 | pages=352–375}}</ref>