Editing Augustinians (section)

==Background==
Augustinian friars believe that [[Augustine of Hippo]], first with some friends and afterward as bishop with his [[clergy]], led a [[monastic]] community life. Regarding the use of property or possessions, Augustine did not make a virtue of poverty, but of sharing. Their manner of life led others to imitate them. Instructions for their guidance were found in several writings of Augustine, especially in ''De opere monachorum'', mentioned in ancient codices of the eighth or ninth century as the "[[Rule of St. Augustine]]".<ref name=Heimbucher/> Between 430 and 570 this life-style was carried to Europe by monks and clergy fleeing the persecution of the [[Vandals]].<ref name=augustinemonk>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210512083216/https://www.theaugustinians.com/sermons "Augustine's Monasticism", The Order of Saint Augustine]}}</ref> In the thirteenth century, the various eremitical groups that composed the Augustinian Hermits faced the threat of suppression by the papacy based on their lack of antiquity. To overcome this, the friars forged a historical connection to St Augustine, and made an especial point to demonstrate that they received the Rule directly from Augustine himself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ilko |first1=Krisztina |title=Forging the Augustinian Past: The Rule-Giving of St Augustine in a Duecento Gradual |journal=Gesta |date=2023 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=95–126 |doi=10.1086/723217}}</ref> The Augustinian rule was in use by a wide range of groups across early and high medieval Europe, and there is no historical evidence that the Augustinian Friars were in any way founded by St Augustine himself. Rather, the friars invented these links after the Order was threatened with suppression in 1274 at the Second Council of Lyons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ilko |first1=Krisztina |title=Forging the Augustinian Past: The Rule-Giving of St Augustine in a Duecento Gradual |journal=Gesta |date=2023 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=95–126 |doi=10.1086/723217}}</ref>

While in early medieval times the rule was overshadowed by other Rules, particularly that of [[Rule of Saint Benedict|St. Benedict]], this system of life for cathedral clergy continued in various locations throughout Europe for centuries, and they became known as [[Canons regular]] (i.e. cathedral clergy living in community according to a rule). Augustine's Rule appears again in practice in the eleventh century as a basis for the reform of monasteries and cathedral chapters.<ref name=augustinemonk/>

Several groups of canons were established under various disciplines, all with the Augustinian Rule as their basis. It was adopted by the Canons Regular of the [[Abbey of Saint-Victor, Paris|Abbey of St. Victor]] in Paris,<ref name=augustinemonk/> as well as the [[Norbertines]]. The instructions contained in Augustine's Rule formed the basis of the [[monastic rule|Rule]] that, in accordance with the decree of the [[Basilica of St. John Lateran|Lateran]] [[Synod]] of 1059, was adopted by [[canon (priest)|canon]]s who desired to practice a common apostolic life, hence the title of [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]].