Editing Arthur Phillip (section)

==Early maritime career==
===Whaling and merchant expeditions===
In April 1754 ''Fortune'' headed out to hunt whales near [[Svalbard]] in the [[Barents Sea]].{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=30}} As an apprentice Phillip's responsibilities included [[flensing|stripping blubber]] from whale carcasses and helping to pack it into barrels.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=15}} Food was scarce, and ''Fortune''{{'}}s 30 crew members supplemented their diet with bird's eggs, [[scurvy grass]], and, where possible, [[reindeer]].{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=16}} The ship returned to England on 20&nbsp;July 1754. The whaling crew were paid and replaced with twelve sailors for a winter voyage to the [[Mediterranean]]. Phillip remained aboard as ''Fortune'' undertook an outward trading voyage to [[Barcelona]] and [[Livorno]] carrying salt and raisins, returning via [[Rotterdam]] with a cargo of grains and citrus.{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=22}} The ship returned to England in April 1755 and sailed immediately for Svalbard for that year's whale hunt. Phillip was still a member of the crew but abandoned his apprenticeship when the ship returned to England on 27&nbsp;July.{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=25}}

===Royal Navy and the Seven Years' War===
{{further|Great Britain in the Seven Years' War}}
[[File:HMSBuckingham.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|HMS ''Buckingham'', Phillip's first posting after joining the Navy in 1755. Vessel pictured on the stocks at [[Deptford]] Dockyard on the [[River Thames]], c. 1751. Painting by [[John Cleveley the Elder]]. [[National Maritime Museum]], London.]]

On 16&nbsp;October 1755, Phillip enlisted in the [[Royal Navy]] as captain's servant aboard the 68-gun {{HMS|Buckingham|1751|6}},{{sfn|Parker|2009|p=5}} commanded by his mother's cousin, Captain Michael Everitt.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} As a member of ''Buckingham''{{'}}s crew, Phillip served in home waters until April 1756 and then joined [[Admiral of the Blue|Admiral]] [[John Byng]]'s Mediterranean fleet.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=30}} The ''Buckingham'' was [[Rear-Admiral of the Red|Rear-Admiral]] [[Temple West]]'s flagship at the [[Battle of Minorca (1756)|Battle of Minorca]] on 20&nbsp;May 1756.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}}

Phillip moved on 1&nbsp;August 1757, with Everitt, to the 90-gun {{HMS|Union|1756|6}}, which took part in the [[Raid on St Malo]] on 5–12&nbsp;June 1758. Phillip, again with Captain Everitt, transferred on 28&nbsp;December 1758 to the 64-gun {{HMS|Stirling Castle|1742|6}},{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} which went to the [[West Indies]] to serve at the [[Battle of Havana (1762)|Siege of Havana]].{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=30}} On 7&nbsp;June 1761, Phillip was commissioned as a [[Lieutenant (Royal Navy)|lieutenant]] in recognition for his active service.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=30}} With the coming of peace on 25&nbsp;April 1763, he was retired on half-pay.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=30}}

===Retirement and the Portuguese Navy===
In July 1763, Phillip married Margaret Charlotte Denison ({{nee|Tibbott}}), known as Charlott, a widow 16 years his senior, and moved to [[Glasshayes]] in [[Lyndhurst, Hampshire]], establishing a farm there.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=31}} The marriage was unhappy, and the couple separated in 1769 when Phillip returned to the Navy.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=31}} Margaret Phillip died in August 1792 and is buried at Llanycil, Bala, North Wales with her companion, Mrs Cane.{{cn|date=February 2025}} The following year, he was posted as second lieutenant aboard {{HMS|Egmont|1768|6}}, a newly built 74-gun [[ship of the line]].{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=31}}

In 1774, Phillip was [[Secondment|seconded]] to the [[Portuguese Navy]] as a captain, serving in the [[Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)|war against Spain]]. While with the Portuguese Navy, Phillip commanded a 26-gun frigate, ''Nossa Senhora do Pilar''. On that ship, he took a detachment of troops from [[Rio de Janeiro]] to [[Colonia del Sacramento|Colonia do Sacramento]] on the [[Río de la Plata]] (opposite [[Buenos Aires]]) to relieve the garrison there. The voyage also conveyed a consignment of convicts assigned to carry out work at Colonia. During a storm encountered in the course of the voyage, the convicts assisted in working the ship, and on arriving at Colonia, Phillip recommended that they be rewarded for saving the ship by remission of their sentences.{{sfn|King|1999}}{{sfn|Goldston-Morris|1997|p=4}} A garbled version of this recommendation eventually found its way into the English press in 1786, when Phillip was appointed to lead the expedition to Sydney.{{sfn|''The World''|1789}} Phillip played a leading role in the capture of the [[Spanish ship San Agustín (1768)|Spanish ship ''San Agustín'']], on 19&nbsp;April 1777, off Santa Catarina.{{sfn|King|1999}} The Portuguese Navy commissioned her as the ''Santo Agostinho'', under Phillip's command.{{sfn|King|1999}} The action was reported in the English press: 
<blockquote>
Madrid, 28 Aug. Letters from Lisbon bring the following Account from Rio Janeiro: That the St. Augustine, of 70 Guns, having been separated from the Squadron of M. Casa Tilly, was attacked by two Portugueze Ships, against which they defended themselves for a Day and a Night, but being next Day surrounded by the Portugueze Fleet, was obliged to surrender.{{sfn|''Norfolk Chronicle''|1777}}
</blockquote>

===Recommissioned into Royal Navy===
{{quote box|width=25em|quote=[Phillip] is an officer of education and principle, he gives way to reason and does not, before doing so fall into exaggerated and unbearable excesses of temper{{nbsp}}... he is very clean-handed; is an officer of great truth and very brave; and is no flatterer, saying what he thinks but without temper or want of respect.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=31}}|source=Correspondence of [[Luís de Almeida Portugal Soares de Alarcão d'Eça e Melo Silva Mascarenhas, 2nd Marquess of Lavradio|Luís, 2nd Marquis Lavradio]], Viceroy of Brazil, 1778.}}

In 1778, with Britain again at war, Phillip was recalled to Royal Navy service and on 9 October was appointed first lieutenant of the 74-gun {{HMS|Alexander|1778|6}} as part of the Channel fleet.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=65}} Promoted to commander on 2&nbsp;September 1779 and given command of the 8-gun [[fireship]] HMS ''Basilisk''.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} With Spain's entry into the conflict, Phillip had a series of private meetings with the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], the [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich|Earl of Sandwich]], sharing his charts and knowledge about the South American coastlines.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=67}} 

Phillip was promoted to [[post-captain]] on 30&nbsp;November 1781 and given command of the 20-gun {{HMS|Ariadne|1776|6}}. ''Ariadne'' was sent to the [[Elbe]] to escort a transport ship carrying a detachment of Hanoverian troops, arriving at the port of [[Cuxhaven]] on 28 December, the estuary froze over trapping ''Ariadne'' in the harbour. In March 1782, Phillip arrived in England with the Hanoverian troops.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=71}} In the following months ''Ariadne'' got a new lieutenant, [[Philip Gidley King]], whom Phillip took under his wing. ''Ariadne'' was used to patrol the Channel where on 30&nbsp;June, she captured the French frigate ''Le Robecq''.{{sfn|King|1999}}

With a change of government on 27 March 1782, Sandwich retired from the Admiralty, [[George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville|Lord Germain]] was replaced as [[Home Secretary|Secretary of State for Home and American Affairs]] by [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|Earl of Shelburne]], before 10 July 1782, in another change of government [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney|Thomas Townshend]] replaced him, and assumed responsibility for organising an expedition against Spanish America. Like Sandwich and Germain, he turned to Phillip for planning advice.{{sfn|Frost|Moutinho|1995|p=114}} The plan was for a squadron of three ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and [[Montevideo|Monte Video]], then to proceed to the coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico to maraud, and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British Navy's East India squadron for an attack on Manila.{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=114}} On 27&nbsp;December 1782, Phillip, took charge of the 64-gun {{HMS|Europa|1765|6}}.{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=114}} The expedition, consisting of the 70-gun {{HMS|Grafton|1771|6}}, the 74-gun {{HMS|Elizabeth|1769|6}}, ''Europa'', and the 32-gun frigate {{HMS|Iphigenia|1780|6}}, sailed on 16&nbsp;January 1783 under the command of [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] [[Sir Robert Kingsmill, 1st Baronet|Robert Kingsmill]].{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=114}} Shortly after the ships' departure, an armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain. Phillip learnt of this in April when he put in for storm repairs at Rio de Janeiro. Phillip wrote to Townshend from Rio de Janeiro on 25&nbsp;April 1783, expressing his disappointment that the ending of the [[American Revolutionary War|American War]] had robbed him of the opportunity for naval glory in South America.{{sfn|Frost|1980|p=209}}

===Survey work in Europe===
After his return to England in April 1784, Phillip remained in close contact with Townshend, now Lord Sydney, and Home Office Under Secretary [[Evan Nepean]]. From October 1784 to September 1786, Nepean, who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers, France, and Spain, employed him to spy on the French naval arsenals at [[Toulon]] and other ports.{{sfn|Frost|1987|pp=129–133}} There was fear that Britain would soon be at war with these powers as a consequence of the [[Batavian Revolution]] in the Netherlands.{{sfn|Frost|1980|pp=115–116}}{{sfn|Frost|1980|p=129}}