Editing Arthur Jensen (section)

==IQ and academic achievement==
Jensen's interest in learning differences directed him to the extensive testing of school children. The results led him to distinguish between two separate types of learning ability. ''Level I'', or [[associative learning]], may be defined as retention of input and rote memorization of simple facts and skills. ''Level II'', or conceptual learning, is roughly equivalent to the ability to manipulate and transform inputs, that is, the ability to solve problems.

Later, Jensen was an important advocate in the mainstream acceptance of the [[g factor (psychometrics)|general factor of intelligence]], a concept which was essentially synonymous with his ''Level II'' conceptual learning. The general factor, or ''g'', is an abstraction that stems from the observation that scores on all forms of cognitive tests correlate positively with one another.

Jensen claimed, on the basis of his research, that [[Heritability of IQ|general cognitive ability is essentially an inherited trait]], determined predominantly by genetic factors rather than by environmental conditions. He also contended that while associative learning, or memorizing ability, is equally distributed among the races, conceptual learning, or synthesizing ability, occurs with significantly greater frequency in some races than in others.

Jensen's most controversial work, published in February 1969 in the ''[[Harvard Educational Review]]'', was titled "[[How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?]]" It concluded, among other things, that [[Head Start (education)|Head Start]] programs designed to boost [[African-American]] [[IQ]] scores had failed, and that this was likely never to be remedied, largely because, in Jensen's estimation, 80% of the variance in IQ in the population studied was the result of genetic factors and the remainder was due to environmental influences.<ref name="High">{{cite web|url=http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v3p652y1977-78.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v3p652y1977-78.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=High Impact Science and the Case of Arthur Jensen |date=9 October 1978 |access-date=27 January 2012}}</ref>

The paper immediately prompted weeks of violent protest on the Berkley campus, with additional protests occurring throughout the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flynn |first1=James |author-link = James Flynn (academic) |editor1-last=Moore |editor1-first=John H. |title=Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, vol 2 |date=2019 |publisher=MacMillan |pages=205-206 |url=https://james-flynn.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Encyclopedia-of-Race-and-Racism-vol.-2-MacMillan-Social-Science-Library-by-John-H.-Moore-z-lib.org.pdf |access-date=28 December 2024 |chapter=Jensen, Arthur}}</ref>

The work became one of the most cited papers in the [[history]] of [[psychological testing]] and [[Psychometrics|intelligence research]], although a large number of citations consisted of rebuttals of Jensen's work, or references to it as an example of a controversial paper.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Wendy |title=Developmental Psychology: Revisiting the Classic Studies |editor1-last=Slater |editor1-first=Alan M. |editor2-last=Quinn |editor2-first=Paul C. |chapter=How Much Can We Boost IQ? An Updated Look at Jensen's (1969) Question and Answer |location=Thousand Oaks (CA) |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-85702-757-3 |date=2012 |pages=118–131, 123 |quote=The article itself became one of the most highly cited in the history of psychology, but many of the citations were rebuttals of Jensen's arguments or used the paper as an example of controversy.}}</ref>

Jensen was among the most frequent contributors to the German journal ''[[Neue Anthropologie]]'', a publication founded by the [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[Jürgen Rieger]], and served alongside Rieger on this journal's editorial board.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Banghard|first=Karl|title=Die DGUF-Gründung 1969 als Reaktion auf den extrem rechten Kulturkampf|url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/arch-inf/article/view/26207|journal=Archäologische Informationen|year=2015|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte|publication-date=2015|volume=Archäologische Informationen|issue=38|pages=433–452|doi=10.11588/ai.2015.1.26207}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arthur Jensen|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/arthur-jensen|website=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref><ref name="tucker">{{Cite book|last=Tucker|first=William H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBsHSzmkYHkC&pg=PA263|title=The Science and Politics of Racial Research|date=1996|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252065606|pages=262–263|language=en}}</ref>

In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on "[[Mainstream Science on Intelligence]],"<ref name="gottfredson">Gottfredson, Linda (December 13, 1994). [[Mainstream Science on Intelligence]]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', p A18.</ref> an essay written by [[Linda Gottfredson]] and published in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', which declared the consensus of the signing scholars on the meaning and significance of IQ following the publication of the book ''[[The Bell Curve]]''. Jensen received $1.1 million from the [[Pioneer Fund]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Adam | first1 = Miller | year = 1994 | title = The Pioneer Fund: Bankrolling the Professors of Hate | journal = The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education | orig-date = Winter 1994–1995 | issue = 6 | pages = 58–61 | doi = 10.2307/2962466 | jstor = 2962466 | quote = A 1969 article by University of California at Berkeley educational psychology professor Arthur Jensen, who has received more than $1 million in Pioneer funds, argued that black students' poor academic performance was due to irreversible genetic deficiencies, so programs like Head Start were useless and should be replaced by vocational education.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ferris.edu/isar/tanton/abcnews.htm | title = The Bell Curve and the Pioneer Fund | first1 = Bill | last1 = Blakemore | first2 = Peter | last2 = Jennings | first3 = Beth | last3 = Nissen | date = November 22, 1994 | work = ABC World News Tonight | publisher = ABC News | access-date = June 6, 2012 | quote = Psychologist Arthur Jensen received $1.1 million from the Pioneer Fund. Twenty five years ago, he started writing that blacks may be genetically less intelligent than whites.}} Vanderbilt Television News Archive : [http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=151406 ABC Evening News for Tuesday, Nov 22, 1994. Headline: American Agenda (Intelligence)]</ref>
an organization frequently described as racist and [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] in nature.<ref>{{cite book | last = Falk | first = Avner | title = Anti-semitism : a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred | publisher = Praeger | location = Westport, Conn | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780313353840 | pages = 18–19 | quote = Since his death in 1972, Draper and the Pioneer Fund have been criticized for funding "race and intelligence research," which is a euphemism for "scientific" racism (Kenny 2002, Tucker 2002). Draper has become even more controversial since the publication of The Bell Curve (Herrnstein & Murray 1994), which purported to prove that white people's intelligence was superior to black people's intelligence, because the Pioneer Fund supported the controversial research in the book (Fraser 1995; Jacoby & Glauberman 1995; Baum 2004).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Tucker | first = William | title = The funding of scientific racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana | year = 2002 | isbn = 9780252027628 | pages = 1–3 | quote = Leon Kamim, professor of psychology at Northeastern University and a well-known critic of hereditarian studies, observed that Herrnstein and Murray, in their discussion of race and IQ, had turned for assistance to Richard Lynn, whom they described as "a leading scholar of racial and ethnic differences," "I will not mince words," wrote Kamin, calling it a "shame and disgrace that two eminent social scientists ... take as their scientific tutor Richard Lynn ... an associate editor of the vulgarly racist journal ''Mankind Quarterly'' ... [and] a major recipient of support from the nativist and eugenically oriented Pioneer Fund.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Wroe | first = Andrew | title = The Republican party and immigration politics : from Proposition 187 to George W. Bush | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780230600539 | pages = 80–81 | quote = According to Taxpayers the Pioneer Fund in its first charter had called for the encouragement of the "reproduction of individuals descended predominantly from white persons who settled in the original 13 states or from related stock." Taxpayers also claimed that the fund supported racist research, including that of notorious scientist William B. Shockley. In a press release, "taxpayers described the Pioneer Fund as a "white supremacist" organization. What was the racist link between Prop. 187 and the Pioneer Fund? Taxpayers claimed that the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) had received S600,000 in grants since 1988 from the Pioneer Fund, and that Alan Nelson was FAIR's lobbyist in Sacramento when he coauthored Prop. 187.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/pioneer-fund | title = Pioneer Fund | work = Intelligence Files : Groups | publisher = [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] | access-date = June 6, 2012 | quote = Ideology: White Nationalist. Started in 1937 by textile magnate Wickliffe Draper, the Pioneer Fund's original mandate was to pursue "race betterment" by promoting the genetic stock of those "deemed to be descended predominantly from white persons who settled in the original thirteen states prior to the adoption of the Constitution." Today, it still funds studies of race and intelligence, as well as eugenics, the "science" of breeding superior human beings that was discredited by various Nazi atrocities. The Pioneer Fund has supported many of the leading Anglo-American race scientists of the last several decades as well as anti-immigration groups such as the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR).
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The fund contributed a total of $3.5 million to researchers cited in The Bell Curve's most controversial chapter "that suggests some races are naturally smarter than others" with Jensen's works being cited twenty-three times in the book's bibliography.<ref>{{cite book  | last = Montagu  | first = Ashley  | title = Race and IQ  | publisher = Oxford University Press  | location = New York  | year = 2002  | edition = 2  | isbn = 9780195102215  | quote = And many of The Bell Curve's most important assertions which establish causal links between IQ and social behavior, and IQ and race, are derived partially or totally from the Mankind Quarterly Pioneer Fund scholarly circle. The University of California's Arthur Jensen, cited twenty-three times in The Bell Curve's bibliography, is the book's principal authority on the intellectual inferiority of blacks. He has received $1.1 million from the Pioneer Fund.  | url-access = registration  | url = https://archive.org/details/raceiq00ashl  }}</ref>