Editing Apollo 11 (section)

== Personnel ==
{{Apollo11series}}

=== Prime crew ===

{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology  = Astronaut
|position1    = Commander
|crew1_up     = [[Neil Armstrong|Neil A. Armstrong]]
|flights1_up  = Second and last
|position2    = Command Module Pilot
|crew2_up     = [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]
|flights2_up  = Second and last
|position3    = Lunar Module Pilot
|crew3_up     = [[Buzz Aldrin|Edwin "Buzz" E. Aldrin Jr.]]
|flights3_up  = Second and last
}}

The initial crew assignment of Commander [[Neil Armstrong]], Command Module Pilot (CMP) [[Jim Lovell]], and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) [[Buzz Aldrin]] on the backup crew for Apollo&nbsp;9 was officially announced on November 20, 1967.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=374}} Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of [[Gemini 12]]. Due to design and manufacturing delays in the LM, Apollo&nbsp;8 and Apollo&nbsp;9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo&nbsp;8. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11.{{sfn|Hansen|2005|pp=312–313}}

There would be one change. [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], the CMP on the Apollo&nbsp;8 crew, began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=288–289}} Lovell took his place on the Apollo&nbsp;8 crew, and when Collins recovered he joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. In the meantime, [[Fred Haise]] filled in as backup LMP, and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8.{{sfn|Cunningham|2010|p=109}} Apollo 11 was the second American mission where all the crew members had prior spaceflight experience,{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=90}} the first being Apollo 10.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=72}} The next was [[STS-26]] in 1988.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=90}}

[[Deke Slayton]] gave Armstrong the option to replace Aldrin with Lovell, since some thought Aldrin was difficult to work with. Armstrong had no issues working with Aldrin but thought it over for a day before declining. He thought Lovell deserved to command his own mission (eventually [[Apollo 13]]).{{sfn|Hansen|2005|pp=338–339}}

The Apollo 11 prime crew had none of the close cheerful camaraderie characterized by that of [[Apollo 12]]. Instead, they forged an amiable working relationship. Armstrong in particular was notoriously aloof, but Collins, who considered himself a loner, confessed to rebuffing Aldrin's attempts to create a more personal relationship.{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=434–435}} Aldrin and Collins described the crew as "amiable strangers".{{sfn|Hansen|2005|p=359}} Armstrong did not agree with the assessment, and said "all the crews I was on worked very well together."{{sfn|Hansen|2005|p=359}}

=== Backup crew ===

{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology  = Astronaut
|position1    = Commander
|crew1_up     = [[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell Jr.]]
|position2    = Command Module Pilot
|crew2_up     = [[William Anders|William A. Anders]]
|position3    = Lunar Module Pilot
|crew3_up     = [[Fred Haise|Fred W. Haise Jr.]]
}}

The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander, [[William Anders]] as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo&nbsp;8.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=90}} In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the [[National Space Council|National Aeronautics and Space Council]] effective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time. [[Ken Mattingly]] was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable.{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|p=237}}

By the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly on [[Apollo 14]], but the three of them were bumped to [[Apollo 13]]: there was a crew issue for Apollo 13 as none of them except [[Edgar Mitchell]] flew in space again. [[George Mueller (NASA)|George Mueller]] rejected the crew and this was the first time an Apollo crew was rejected. To give [[Alan Shepard]] more training time, Lovell's crew were bumped to Apollo 13. Mattingly would later be replaced by [[Jack Swigert]] as CMP on Apollo 13.{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|p=237}}

=== Support crew ===

During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists and mission ground rules, and ensured the prime and backup crews were apprised of changes. They developed procedures, especially those for emergency situations, so these were ready for when the prime and backup crews came to train in the simulators, allowing them to concentrate on practicing and mastering them.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=261}} For Apollo 11, the support crew consisted of Ken Mattingly, [[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ronald Evans]] and [[William R. Pogue|Bill Pogue]].{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=375}}

=== Capsule communicators ===

[[File:Duke, Lovell and Haise at the Apollo 11 Capcom, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas - 19690720.jpg|thumb|CAPCOM [[Charles Duke]] (left), with backup crewmen [[Jim Lovell]] and [[Fred Haise]] listening in during Apollo 11's descent]]

The [[capsule communicator]] (CAPCOM) was an astronaut at the [[Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center|Mission Control Center]] in [[Houston]], Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew.{{sfn|Kranz|2000|p=27}} For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: [[Charles Duke]], Ronald Evans, [[Bruce McCandless II]], James Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, [[Don L. Lind]], [[Owen K. Garriott]] and [[Harrison Schmitt]].{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=375}}

=== Flight directors ===

The [[Flight controller#FLIGHT|flight directors]] for this mission were:{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=272}}{{sfn|Kranz|2000|pp=230, 236, 273, 320}}<ref name="NASA-SP4223">{{Cite book |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4223/ch9.htm |title=SP-4223: Before This Decade is Out—Personal Reflections on the Apollo Program—Chapter 9—Glynn S. Lunney |editor=Glen E. Swanson |date=August 5, 2004 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=211 |isbn=978-0-16-050139-5 |quote=Apollo 11 flight directors pose for a group photo in the Mission Control Center. Pictured left to right, and the shifts that they served during the mission, are (in front and sitting) Clifford E. Charlesworth (Shift 1), Gerald D. Griffin (Shift 1), Eugene F. Kranz (Shift 2), Milton L. Windler (Shift 4), and Glynn S. Lunney (Shift 3). (NASA Photo S-69-39192.) |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227181902/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4223/ch9.htm |url-status=live }}<!-- Original scan at https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20000027506.pdf --></ref><ref name="Murray-Cox">{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Charles A. |last2=Cox |first2=Catherine Bly |title=Apollo, the race to the moon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faIQAQAAMAAJ&q=windler |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |access-date=June 9, 2019 |date=July 1989 |pages=356, 403, 437 |isbn=978-0-671-61101-9 |archive-date=May 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522062612/https://books.google.com/books?id=faIQAQAAMAAJ&q=windler |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="A11FJ-4-4">{{cite web |last1=Woods |first1=David |last2=MacTaggart |first2=Ken |last3=O'Brien |first3=Frank |title=Day 4, part 4: Checking Out Eagle |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/15day4-eagle-checkout.html |via=[[NASA]] |date=May 18, 2019 |publisher=Apollo Flight Journal |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223910/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/15day4-eagle-checkout.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="A11FJ-3-1">{{cite web |last1=Woods |first1=David |last2=MacTaggart |first2=Ken |last3=O'Brien |first3=Frank |title=Day 3, part 1: Viewing Africa and Breakfast |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/08day3-africa-breakfast.html |via=NASA |date=May 18, 2019 |publisher=Apollo Flight Journal |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013800/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/08day3-africa-breakfast.html |url-status=live }}</ref><!--
Sources are inconsistent. Resolved at [[Talk:Apollo 11#Semi-protected edit request on 8 June 2019]]
-->
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Apollo 11 flight directors
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Shift
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | Activities
|-
! scope="row" | [[Clifford E. Charlesworth]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 || Green || Launch and extravehicular activity (EVA)
|-
! scope="row" | [[Gerald D. Griffin]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 || Gold || Backup for shift 1
|-
! scope="row" | [[Gene Kranz]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2 || White || Lunar landing
|-
! scope="row" | [[Glynn Lunney]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3 || Black || Lunar ascent
|-
! scope="row" | [[Milton Windler]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4 || Maroon || Planning
|}

=== Other key personnel ===

Other key personnel who played important roles in the Apollo 11 mission include the following.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reichhardt |first1=Tony |title=Twenty People Who Made Apollo Happen |url=https://www.airspacemag.com/airspacemag/twenty-people-who-made-apollo-happen-180972374/ |website=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |date=June 7, 2019 |access-date=September 7, 2019 |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025222628/https://www.airspacemag.com/airspacemag/twenty-people-who-made-apollo-happen-180972374/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Other personnel
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Activities
|-
! scope="row" | [[Farouk El-Baz]]
| Geologist, studied [[geology of the Moon]], identified landing locations, trained pilots
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kurt Debus]]
| [[Rocket scientist]], supervised construction of launch pads and infrastructure
|-
! scope="row" | Jamye Flowers
| Secretary for astronauts
|-
! scope="row" | [[Eleanor Foraker]]
| Tailor who designed [[space suit]]s
|-
! scope="row" | [[Jack Garman]]
| Computer engineer and technician
|-
! scope="row" | [[Millicent Goldschmidt]]
| Microbiologist who designed aseptic lunar material collection techniques and trained astronauts
|-
! scope="row" | [[Eldon C. Hall]]
| [[Apollo Guidance Computer]] hardware designer
|-
! scope="row" | [[Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)|Margaret Hamilton]]
| Onboard flight computer software engineer
|-
! scope="row" | [[John Houbolt]]
| Route planner
|-
! scope="row" | [[Gene Shoemaker]]
| Geologist who trained astronauts in field geology
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bill Tindall]]
| Coordinated mission techniques
|}