Editing Apiales (section)

==Gynoecia==
The largest and obviously closely related families of Apiales are [[Araliaceae]], [[Myodocarpaceae]] and
[[Apiaceae]], which resemble each other in the structure of their [[gynoecium|gynoecia]]. In this respect however, the [[Pittosporaceae]] is notably distinct from them.<ref name="osk">{{cite journal|last1=Oskolski |first1=Alexei A. |last2=Sokoloff |first2=Dmitry D. |last3=Van Wyk |first3=Ben-Erik |title=False paracarpy in Seemannaralia (Araliaceae): from bilocular ovary to unilocular fruit |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=106 |date=2010 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcq084|url=http://ben-erikvanwyk.com/239%20-%202010,%20Oskolski,%20Sokoloff,%20Van%20Wyk,%20False%20paracarpy%20in%20Seemannaralia.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ben-erikvanwyk.com/239%20-%202010,%20Oskolski,%20Sokoloff,%20Van%20Wyk,%20False%20paracarpy%20in%20Seemannaralia.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2017|pmc=2889795 |pmid=20462851}}</ref>

Typical syncarpous gynoecia exhibit four vertical zones, determined by the extent of fusion of the carpels. In most plants, the synascidiate (i.e. "united bottle-shaped") and symplicate zones are fertile and bear the ovules.<ref name="pan">{{cite book |last1=Pankhurst |first1=R. J. |title=Morphology of flowers and inflorescences |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=9780521438322 |pages=153–155 |edition=1st pbk.}}</ref> Each of the first three families possess mainly bi- or multilocular ovaries in a gynoecium with a long synascidiate, but very short symplicate zone, where the ovules are inserted at their transition, the so-called cross-zone (or "Querzone").<ref name="osk"/>

In gynoecia of the Pittosporaceae, the symplicate is much longer than the synascidiate zone, and the ovules are arranged along the first. Members of the latter family consequently have [[Locule|unilocular]] ovaries with a single cavity between adjacent carpels.<ref name="osk"/>