Editing Apiaceae (section)

== Taxonomy ==
Apiaceae was first described by [[John Lindley]] in 1836.<ref>Lindley, J. (1836) An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany, 2nd Edition. Longman, London.</ref> The name is derived from the type genus ''[[Apium]]'', which was originally used by [[Pliny the Elder]] circa 50 AD for a [[celery]]-like plant.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael G. Simpson|title=Plant Systematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C|year=2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-374380-0}}</ref> The alternative name for the family, Umbelliferae, derives from the [[inflorescence]] being generally in the form of a compound [[umbel]]. The family was one of the first to be recognized as a distinct group in Jacques Daleschamps' 1586 ''Historia generalis plantarum''. With [[Robert Morison|Robert Morison's]] 1672 ''Plantarum umbelliferarum distribution nova'' it became the first group of plants for which a systematic study was published.

The family is solidly placed within the [[Apiales]] order in the [[APG III system]]. It is closely related to [[Araliaceae]] and the boundaries between these families remain unclear. Traditionally groups within the family have been delimited largely based on fruit [[morphology (biology)|morphology]], and the results from this have not been congruent with the more recent molecular [[phylogenetic]] analyses. The subfamilial and tribal classification for the family is currently in a state of flux, with many of the groups being found to be grossly [[paraphyletic]] or [[polyphyletic]].<ref name=Stevens/>

===Classification and phylogeny===
Prior to [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies, the family was subdivided primarily based on fruit characteristics. Molecular phylogenetic analyses from the mid-1990s onwards have shown that fruit characters evolved in parallel many times, so that using them in classification resulted in units that were not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref name=ClarZuntMaurDown21/> In 2004, it was proposed that Apiaceae should be divided into four subfamilies:<ref name=PlunChanLowrPinn04/>
*[[Apioideae]] <small>Seem.</small>
*[[Azorelloideae]] <small>G.M.Plunkett & Lowry</small>
*[[Mackinlayoideae]] <small>G.M.Plunkett & Lowry</small>
*[[Saniculoideae]] <small>Burnett</small>
Apioideae is by far the largest subfamily with about 90% of the genera. Most subsequent studies have supported this division, although leaving some genera unplaced. A 2021 study suggested the relationships shown in the following cladogram.<ref name=ClarZuntMaurDown21/>

{{clade
|label1=Apiaceae
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Platysace]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Mackinlayoideae]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Klotzschia]]''
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Azorelloideae]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Hermas (plant)|Hermas]]''
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Phlyctidocarpa]]'' + [[Saniculoideae]]
                  |2=[[Apioideae]]
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

The ''[[Platysace]]'' clade and the genera ''[[Klotzschia]]'' and ''[[Hermas (plant)|Hermas]]'' fell outside the four subfamilies. It was suggested that they could be accommodated in subfamilies of their own. ''[[Phlyctidocarpa]]'' was formerly placed in the subfamily Apioideae, but if kept there makes Apioideae [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]]. It could be placed in an enlarged Saniculoideae, or restored to Apioideae if the latter were expanded to include Saniculoideae.<ref name=ClarZuntMaurDown21/>

The subfamilies can be further divided into tribes and clades, with many clades falling outside formally recognized tribes.<ref name=ClarZuntMaurDown21/>

=== Genera===
{{Main|List of Apiaceae genera}}
The number of genera accepted by sources varies. {{As of|2022|December}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] (PoWO) accepted 444 genera, while GRIN Taxonomy accepted 462. The PoWO genera are not a subset of those in GRIN; for example, ''[[Haloselinum]]'' is accepted by PoWO but not by GRIN, while ''Halosciastrum'' is accepted by GRIN but not by PoWO, which treats it as a synonym of ''[[Angelica]]''. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] had an "approximate list" of 446 genera.<ref name=Stevens/>

<gallery>
File:Chaerophyllum_bulbosum_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-177.jpg|''[[Chaerophyllum bulbosum]]''
File:Apiaceae Pimpinella anisum.jpg|[[Anise]] (''Pimpinella anisum'') <br /> from Woodville (1793)<ref>Woodville, W. (1793) Medical Botany. James Phillips, London.</ref>
File:Angelica archangelica (1118596627).jpg|''[[Angelica archangelica]]''
File:Coriandrum sativum 003.JPG|Umbel of ''[[Coriandrum sativum]]'' showing strong zygomorphy (asymmetry) in the outer flowers.
</gallery>