Editing Antipope Benedict X (section)

===Enthroned as pope===

News of Pope Stephen's death was brought to Rome by two cardinal-bishops, Humbert of Silva Candida and Peter of Tusculum.<ref>Watterich, p. 214 (from Leo Marsicanus, "Cronica Montis Cassini" II. 99).</ref> A section of the Roman aristocracy, along with numerous members of the clergy who were opposed to the reforms being pushed by the German popes and Cardinal Hildebrand, engineered a coup.<ref>They are called "fideles imperatoris" ('loyalists of the emperor') by the "Annales Romani", Watterich, p. 216.</ref> The leaders were Rome's traditional leaders for more than a century, Gregory, the son of Alberic of Tusculum<ref>Gregory had once been Patrician of the Romans, "qui patricialem sibi inanem quondam vendicaverat dignitatem, assumentes tirannidem...."</ref> and brother of [[Pope Benedict IX]]; Count Gerard of Galeria, the son of Rainerius; and members of the Monticelli branch of the Crescentius family from Tivoli. On the night of 4—5 April, they forced their way into Rome with large forces, and seized control, establishing a "tyranny", in the words of their enemies.<ref>Gregorovius, p. 111-112. Watterich, p. 213.</ref> Cardinal Giovanni, Bishop of Tusculum, was enthroned, unwillingly, as pope, on 5 April 1058.<ref>Gregorovius, p. 112. Bonizo, "ad amicum", p. 593: "...in Romana sede papam constituunt."</ref> His election, it is stated, was arranged by his own family. Since he was already a bishop, he did not need to be consecrated, only enthroned. Cardinal Peter Damiani and his supporters in the reform party, objected loudly to the proceedings and began to cast anathemas. At length, he and his followers fled in terror.<ref>Gregorovius, pp. 111-112. Watterich, p. 214 (from Leo Marsicanus, "Cronica Montis Cassini" II. 99).</ref> Cardinal Humbert and Cardinal Peter of Tusculum, who witnessed the disorders of April 5, fled to Benevento a few days later. As a result, a number of cardinals alleged that the election was irregular. These cardinals were soon moved to flee Rome.
 
When Hildebrand heard of Benedict's election during his return journey from the German court, he decided to oppose it. He went to [[Florence]] where he obtained the support of [[Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine|Godfrey, Duke of Lorraine]], [[Duchy of Spoleto|Duke of Spoleto]], and Marquis of [[Tuscany]] for the election of Gerhard of Burgundy, [[Archbishop of Florence]], as pope instead. Godfrey was the elder brother of the recently deceased Pope Stephen IX. Support for this was given by Empress Agnes. Those cardinals who had opposed Benedict's election met at [[Siena]] in December 1058, and elected Gerhard, who then took the name of [[Pope Nicholas II|Nicholas II]].<ref name=CE>Nicholas Weber (1911). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11055a.htm "Pope Nicholas II."] ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. Retrieved: 11 June 2021.</ref>