Editing Anticonvulsant (section)

== Approval ==

The usual method of achieving approval for a drug is to show it is effective when compared against [[placebo]], or that it is more effective than an existing drug. In monotherapy (where only one drug is taken) it is considered unethical by most to conduct a trial with placebo on a new drug of uncertain efficacy. This is because untreated epilepsy leaves the patient at significant risk of death. Therefore, almost all new epilepsy drugs are initially approved only as adjunctive (add-on) therapies. Patients whose epilepsy is uncontrolled by their medication (i.e., it is refractory to treatment) are selected to see if supplementing the medication with the new drug leads to an improvement in seizure control. Any reduction in the frequency of seizures is compared against a placebo.<ref name="pmid17998971"/> The lack of superiority over existing treatment, combined with lacking placebo-controlled trials, means that few modern drugs have earned [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] approval as initial monotherapy. In contrast, Europe only requires equivalence to existing treatments and has approved many more. Despite their lack of FDA approval, the [[American Academy of Neurology]] and the [[American Epilepsy Society]] still recommend a number of these new drugs as initial monotherapy.<ref name="pmid17998971"/>