Editing Anthem (section)

==History==
Anthems were originally a form of [[liturgical music]]. In the [[Church of England]], the [[rubric]] appoints them to follow the third [[collect]] at morning and evening prayer. Several anthems are included in the [[Coronation of the British monarch|British coronation service]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} The words are selected from [[Holy Scripture]] or in some cases from the [[Liturgy]] and the music is generally more elaborate and varied than that of [[psalm]] or [[hymn tune]]s.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} Being written for a trained [[choir]] rather than the congregation, the Anglican anthem is analogous to the [[motet]] of the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Lutheran Church]]es but represents an essentially English [[musical form]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} Anthems may be described as "[[verse anthem|verse]]", "full", or "full with verse", depending on whether they are intended for [[solo (music)|solo]]ists, the [[choir|full choir]], or both. Another way of describing an anthem is that it is a piece of music written specifically to fit a certain accompanying text, and it is often difficult to make any other text fit that same melodic arrangement. It also often changes melody and/or meter, frequently multiple times within a single song, and is sung straight through from start to finish, without repeating the melody for following verses like a normal song (although certain sections may be repeated when marked). An example of an anthem with multiple meter shifts, fuguing, and repeated sections is "Claremont",<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhQIKXmsohA| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/WhQIKXmsohA| archive-date=2021-11-22 | url-status=live|title=Claremont|last=Western Massachusetts Sacred Harp Convention – Topic|date=11 October 2015|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> or "Vital Spark of Heav'nly Flame".<ref name="auto"/> Another well known example is [[William Billings|William Billing]]'s "Easter Anthem",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nccHbHJaGLg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/nccHbHJaGLg| archive-date=2021-11-22 | url-status=live|title=236 Easter Anthem Sacred Harp|last=jsalzer262|date=10 May 2015|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> also known as "The Lord Is Risen Indeed!" after the opening lines. This anthem is still one of the more popular songs in the Sacred Harp tune book.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}

The anthem developed as a replacement for the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] "votive antiphon" commonly sung as an appendix to the main [[Liturgy of the Hours|office]] to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] or [[saint (Christianity)|other saints]].

===Notable composers of liturgical anthems: historic context===
During the [[Elizabethan period]], notable anthems were composed by [[Thomas Tallis]], [[William Byrd]], Tye, and Farrant{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} but they were not mentioned in the [[Book of Common Prayer]] until 1662 when the famous [[rubric]] "In quires and places where they sing here followeth the Anthem" first appears. Early anthems tended to be simple and [[homophony|homophonic]] in texture, so that the words could be clearly heard. During the 17th century, notable anthems were composed by [[Orlando Gibbons]], [[Henry Purcell]], and [[John Blow]],{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} with the [[verse anthem]] becoming the dominant musical form of the [[English Restoration|Restoration]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anthem in Reformation England |url=https://www.bibleodyssey.org/articles/the-anthem-in-reformation-england/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Bible Odyssey |language=en-US}}</ref> In the 18th century, famed anthems were composed by Croft, Boyce, [[James Kent (composer)|James Kent]], [[James Nares (composer)|James Nares]], [[Benjamin Cooke]], and [[Samuel Arnold (composer)|Samuel Arnold]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} In the 19th century, [[Samuel Sebastian Wesley]] wrote anthems influenced by contemporary [[oratorio]] which stretch to several [[movement (music)|movements]] and last twenty minutes or longer. Later in the century, [[Charles Villiers Stanford]] used symphonic techniques to produce a more concise and unified structure. Many anthems have been written since then, generally by [[organist|specialists]] in organ music rather than [[composer]]s, and often in a conservative style. Major composers have usually written anthems in response to commissions and for special occasions: for instance [[Edward Elgar]]'s 1912 "Great is the Lord" and 1914 "Give unto the Lord" (both with orchestral accompaniment); [[Benjamin Britten]]'s 1943 "[[Rejoice in the Lamb]]" (a modern example of a multi-movement anthem, today heard mainly as a concert piece); and, on a much smaller scale, [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]'s 1952 "O Taste and See" written for the coronation of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]. With the relaxation of the rule, in England at least, that anthems should only be in English, the repertoire has been greatly enhanced by the addition of many works from the Latin repertoire.