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===Colonial and early United States (1649–1808)=== [[File:Flag of Annapolis, Maryland.svg|thumb|Annapolis' first official flag, though not adopted until January 1965, is styled after the personal royal badge of British [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] after whom the city was named.<ref name=flag1965/> It resembles the [[:File:Floral Badge of Great Britain.svg|floral badge of Great Britain]]: a crown hovers over a thistle (representing Scotland) and a [[Tudor rose|rose]] (representing England), growing from a single stalk to portray their [[Acts of Union 1707|1706-07 union]] during Anne's reign.<ref name=flag1965/> ''Vixi liber et moriar'' means "I have lived free and will die so".<ref name=flag1965>{{cite news |title=DAR Chapter Presents City With Official Banner |url= https://newspaperarchive.com/annapolis-capital-jan-12-1965-p-1/ |work=Evening Capital |volume=LXXXI|issue=9 |date= January 12, 1965 |location=Annapolis, Maryland |page=1}} Image caption in newspaper: "City's First Flag".</ref>]] A settlement in the [[Province of Maryland]] named "Providence" was founded on the north shore of the [[Severn River (Maryland)|Severn River]] on the middle Western Shore of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] in 1649 by [[Puritan]] exiles from [[Colony of Virginia|the Province/Dominion of Virginia]] led by the third [[List of colonial governors of Maryland|Proprietary Governor of Maryland]], [[William Stone (Maryland governor)|William Stone]] (1603–1660). The settlers later moved to a better-protected harbor on the Severn's southern shore. The settlement on the south shore, known from 1683 as "Town at Proctor's",<ref> {{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ |title=Annals of Annapolis|editor=David Ridgely|publisher=Cushing & Brother|year=1841|pages= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ/page/n40 34], 35|access-date= July 11, 2022 | quote = In 1683 Annapolis was erected into a town, port, and place of trade, under the name of the 'Town Land at Proctors.}} </ref> then "Town at the Severn", became in 1694 "Anne Arundel's Towne" (after Lady [[Anne Arundell]] (1616–1649), the late wife of the late [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore|Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore]], 1605–1675).<ref name="Annals">{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ |title=Annals of Annapolis|editor=David Ridgely|publisher=Cushing & Brother|year=1841|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ/page/n40 34], 35 |access-date= July 11, 2022 | quote = [Anne Arundel county] was probably so called from the maiden name of Lady Baltimore, then late deceased — Lady Anne Arundel, the daughter of Lord Arundel of Wardour, whom Cecilius Lord Baltimore had married. [...] In 1694 [the settlement] was constituted a town, port, and place of trade, under the name of Anne Arundel Town [...].}}</ref> In 1654, after the [[Third English Civil War]], [[Parliamentary]] forces assumed control of the Maryland colony and Stone went into exile south across the [[Potomac River]] in Virginia. Per orders from Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a [[Cavalier]] royalist force, loyal to the uncrowned [[Charles II of England|King of England]]. On March 25, 1655, in what became known as the [[Battle of the Severn]] (the first colonial naval battle in [[North America]]), Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, and replaced by [[Josias Fendall|Lt. Gen. Josias Fendall]] (1628–1687) as fifth Proprietary [[Governor of Maryland|Governor]]. Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the [[English Commonwealth]] period. In 1660, he was replaced by [[Phillip Calvert (governor)|Phillip Calvert]] (1626–1682) as fifth/sixth [[Governor of Maryland]], after the [[restoration (Colonies)|restoration]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (1630–1685) as [[King of England|King]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]]. In 1694, soon after the overthrow of the Catholic government of second Royal Governor [[Thomas Lawrence (Governor of Maryland)|Thomas Lawrence]] (1645–1714, in office for a few months in 1693), the third Royal Governor [[Francis Nicholson]] (1655-1727/28, in office: 1694–1698), moved the capital of the royal colony, the [[Province of Maryland]], to Anne Arundel's Towne and renamed the town "Annapolis"<ref> {{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ |title=Annals of Annapolis|editor=David Ridgely|publisher= Cushing & Brother|year= 1841|pages= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ/page/n40 34], 35|access-date= July 11, 2022 | quote = [...] the first assembly was held at Anne Arundel Town, on the 28th of February, 1694, (old style.) At the next session it acquired the name of the 'Port of Annapolis' and became the place of sessions for the courts of Anne Arundel county. [...] In this year it was enacted by the general assembly that there be one or more places laid out and reserved [...] That the naval-officer reside there; and that Anne Arundel Town for the future, should be called, known and distinguished by the name of 'Annapolis'.}} </ref> after [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Princess Anne of Denmark and Norway]], soon to become [[queen regnant|Queen Anne]] of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] (1665–1714, reigned 1702–1714). Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Huston|first= John W.|title=Annapolis: an eighteenth-century analysis|journal=Conspectus of History|year= 1977|volume= 1 |issue= 4|page=49|url=http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ConspectusH&CISOPTR=139&REC=1}}</ref> [[John Seymour (Maryland governor)|Colonel John Seymour, the Governor of Maryland]] from 1704 to 1709, wrote Queen Anne on March 16, 1709, with qualifications for municipal officials and provisions for fairs and market days for the town.<ref>Colonel John Seymour, Governor of Maryland, to Queen Anne. (16 March 1709). Colonial Office, Commonwealth and Foreign and Commonwealth Offices, Empire Marketing Board, and related bodies. Image library reference:CO 5/716 (1 of 6). [https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/assetbank-nationalarchives/action/viewAsset?id=17371&index=3&total=6&view=viewSearchItem The National Archives website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223042010/https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/assetbank-nationalarchives/action/viewAsset?id=17371&index=3&total=6&view=viewSearchItem |date=December 23, 2019 }} Retrieved 25 May 2019.</ref> In the 17th century, Annapolis was little more than a village, but it grew rapidly for most of the 18th century until the [[American Revolutionary War]] as a political and administrative capital, a [[port of entry]], and a major center of the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= McWilliams|first1= Jane W.|title= Annapolis, City on the Severn: A History|date=2011|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}}</ref> The ''[[Maryland Gazette]]'', which became an important weekly journal, was founded there by Jonas Green<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bsos.umd.edu/ANTH/aia/Green%20Print%20Shop.htm |title=Green Print Shop |publisher=Archaeology in Annapolis |author=William J. Cochran |year=2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081205195420/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/ANTH/aia/Green%20Print%20Shop.htm |archive-date= December 5, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/18th/104.html |title=Eighteenth-Century American Newspapers in the Library of Congress |date=July 1, 2005 |publisher=The Library of Congress |access-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230013150/http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/18th/104.html |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1745; in 1769 a theatre opened; during this period also the commerce was considerable, but it declined rapidly after Baltimore, with its deeper harbor, was made a port of entry in 1780.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Annapolis (Maryland) |display=Annapolis, a city and seaport of Maryland, U.S.A. |volume=2 |pages=63–64}} Endnotes: * D. Ridgely, ''Annals of Annapolis from 1649 until the War of 1812'' (Baltimore, 1841) * S. A. Shafer, "Annapolis, Ye Ancient City", in L. P. Powell's ''Historic Towns of the Southern States'' (New York, 1900) * W. Eddis, ''Letters from America'' (London, 1792).</ref> Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the city's chief industries. Annapolis is home to a large number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city. {{ multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | total_width = 450 | image1 = Annapolis Old Treasury Building from 1735 by D Ramey Logan.jpg | caption1 = The "Old Treasury Building" on State Circle (adjacent the [[Maryland State House]]) was built in 1735 and is the oldest extant government building in Annapolis. | image2 = View of Annapolis in 1797 (NYPL b12612010-423603).tiff | caption2 = ''View of Annapolis in 1797'', [[New York Public Library]] }} [[Alexander Hamilton (Maryland doctor)|Dr. Alexander Hamilton]] (1712–1756), a Scottish-born doctor and writer, lived and worked in Annapolis. Leo Lemay says his 1744 travel diary ''Gentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton'' is "the best single portrait of men and manners, of rural and urban life, of the wide range of society and scenery in colonial America."<ref>J.A. Leo Lemay, ''Men of Letters in Colonial Maryland'' (1972) p 229.</ref> Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783. Congress was in session in the [[Maryland State House|state house]] from November 26, 1783, to August 19, 1784, and it was in Annapolis on December 23, 1783, that [[George Washington in the American Revolution|General]] [[George Washington|Washington]] resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.<ref name="EB1911"/> For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned [[John Shaw (cabinetmaker)|John Shaw]], a local cabinetmaker, to create an [[American flag]]. Shaw's flag is slightly different from other designs of the time: the blue field extends over the entire height of the hoist. Shaw developed two versions of the flag: one which started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/12/AR2009061203917.html|title= A Corrected Replica of the Flag From Maryland's 1783 State House Will Be Raised|newspaper= The Washington Post|date= June 13, 2009|author= Mike Peed|access-date= August 24, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170701031341/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/12/AR2009061203917.html|archive-date=July 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/pdf/shawflag.pdf|title=A John Shaw Flag for the Maryland State House|publisher=Maryland State Archives|access-date=January 29, 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231058/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/pdf/shawflag.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1786, delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the better regulation of commerce.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wright Jr. |first1=Robert K |title=Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution |last2=MacGregor Jr. |first2=Morris J. |publisher=Center of Military History |year=1987 |isbn=978-1125939758 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=265}}</ref> Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, and Delaware—actually attended the September 1786 gathering, known afterward as the [[Annapolis Convention (1786)|Annapolis Convention]]. Without proceeding to the business for which they had met, the delegates passed a resolution calling for another convention to meet at Philadelphia in the following year to amend the [[Articles of Confederation]]. The resulting [[Philadelphia Convention]] drafted and approved the [[Constitution of the United States]], which remains in force.<ref name="EB1911"/>
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