Editing Annam (French protectorate) (section)

==Establishment==
{{See also|History of Vietnam|Tonkin campaign|Sino-French war|Treaty of Huế (1883)|Treaty of Huế (1884)|Treaty of Tientsin (1885)}}
[[File:Nam_Tien.PNG|upright|left|thumb|Map showing the southward conquest by the Vietnamese over 900 years.]]

Towards the end of the 18th century a rebellion overthrew the [[Nguyễn lords]], but one of its members, [[Gia Long]], by the aid of a French force, in 1801 acquired sway over the whole of present-day Vietnam (Annam, Tongking and Cochinchina). This force was procured for him by [[Pigneau de Béhaine|Pigneau Monsignor de Béhaine]], [[Titular Bishop]] of [[Daraa|Adran]]. The [[Monsignor]] saw in the political condition of Annam a means of establishing French influence in Indochina and counterbalancing British power in India. Before this, in 1787, Gia Long had concluded a treaty with [[Louis XVI]], whereby in return for a promise of aid he ceded [[Tourane]] and Pulo-Condore to the French. That treaty marks the beginning of French influence in Indochina.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=63}}

After [[Cochinchina campaign|conquering Cochinchina]] in 1858–1862, the French resumed in 1883 their expansion in Southern Asia. The [[Treaty of Huế (1883)|first protectorate treaty]] was signed in 1883, although it was replaced the next year by a [[Treaty of Huế (1884)|slightly milder treaty]]. With the [[Treaty of Tientsin (1885)|treaty of Tientsin]], China recognised the French protectorate over Annam and Tonkin and implicitly abandoned her own claims to suzerainty over Vietnam. Annam and Tonkin became part of [[French Indochina]] in 1887. On 9 May 1889, they were split in two ''Résidences supérieures'', each subordinated to the Governor-General of [[French Indochina]]. The [[Nguyễn dynasty]] still nominally ruled over both protectorates. Tonkin was ''de facto'' ruled directly by the French, while the imperial government maintained some degree of authority over Annam. On 27 September 1897, the Vietnamese imperial council in Annam was replaced by a council of ministers, presided ''de jure'' by the French representative.<ref>Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery, Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858–1954, La Découverte, 2004, p. 78-89</ref>