Editing Anime (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of anime}}

=== Precursors ===
{{Lang|ja-latn|[[Emakimono]]}} and [[shadow play]]s (''kage-e'') are considered precursors of Japanese animation.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Novielli |first=Maria Roberta |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1020690005 |title=Floating worlds: a short history of Japanese animation |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-351-33482-2 |location=Boca Raton |oclc=1020690005}}</ref> {{Lang|ja-latn|Emakimono}} was common in the eleventh century. Traveling storytellers narrated legends and anecdotes while the {{lang|ja-latn|emakimono}} was unrolled from the right to left in chronological order, as a moving panorama.<ref name=":1" /> ''Kage-e'' was popular during the Edo period and originated from the shadow plays of China.<ref name=":1" /> [[Magic lantern]]s from the Netherlands were also popular in the eighteenth century.<ref name=":1" /> The paper play called ''[[kamishibai]]'' surged in the twelfth century and remained popular in the street theater until the 1930s.<ref name=":1" /> Puppets of the [[Bunraku]] theater and ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' prints are considered ancestors of characters of most Japanese animation.<ref name=":1" /> Finally, manga were a heavy inspiration for anime. Cartoonists [[Kitazawa Rakuten|Kitzawa Rakuten]] and [[Okamoto Ippei]] used film elements in their strips.<ref name=":1" />

=== Pioneers ===
[[File:Kouichi Jun'ichi - Namakura Gatana (1917) - 4-minute restored version.webm|thumb|right|''[[Namakura Gatana]]'' (1917), the oldest surviving Japanese animated short film made for cinemas]]

Animation in Japan began in the early 20th century, when [[Film director|filmmakers]] started to experiment with techniques pioneered in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia.{{sfn|Schodt|1997}} A claim for the earliest Japanese animation is ''[[Katsudō Shashin]]'' ({{circa|1907}}),<ref>{{cite web|last=Litten |first=Frederick S. |title=Japanese color animation from ca.&nbsp;1907 to 1945 |url=http://litten.de/fulltext/color.pdf |date=29 June 2014 |access-date=23 September 2020 |page=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918032148/http://litten.de/fulltext/color.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> a private work by an unknown creator.{{sfn|Clements|McCarthy|2006|p=169}} In 1917, the first professional and publicly displayed works began to appear; animators such as [[Ōten Shimokawa]], [[Seitarō Kitayama]], and [[Jun'ichi Kōuchi]] (considered the "fathers of anime") produced numerous films, the oldest surviving of which is Kōuchi's ''[[Namakura Gatana]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litten.de/fulltext/ani1917.pdf |title=Some remarks on the first Japanese animation films in 1917 |last=Litten |first=Frederick S. |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810001217/http://litten.de/fulltext/ani1917.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Many early works were lost with the destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse in the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]].{{sfn|Clements|McCarthy|2006|p=170}}

By the mid-1930s, animation was well-established in Japan as an alternative format to the [[Live action|live-action]] industry. It suffered competition from foreign producers, such as [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], and many animators, including [[Noburō Ōfuji]] and [[Yasuji Murata]], continued to work with cheaper [[cutout animation]] rather than [[cel animation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midnighteye.com/features/pioneers-of-anime.shtml |title=Pioneers of Japanese Animation (Part 1) |last=Sharp |first=Jasper |date=23 September 2004 |publisher=[[Midnight Eye]] |access-date=11 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117151328/http://www.midnighteye.com/features/pioneers-of-anime.shtml |archive-date=17 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other creators, including [[Kenzō Masaoka]] and [[Mitsuyo Seo]], nevertheless made great strides in technique, benefiting from the patronage of the government, which employed animators to produce educational shorts and [[Japanese propaganda during World War II|propaganda]].<ref>{{cite book|author-last1=Yamaguchi |author-first1=Katsunori |author-first2=Yasushi |author-last2=Watanabe |title=Nihon animēshon eigashi |publisher=Yūbunsha |year=1977 |pages=26–37}}</ref> In 1940, the government dissolved several artists' organizations to form the {{nihongo foot|''Shin Nippon [[Mangaka]] Kyōkai''.|新日本漫画家協会||{{lit}} "New Japan Manga Artist Association"|group=lower-alpha|lead=yes}}{{sfn|Kinsella|2000|p=22}} The first [[talkie]] anime was ''[[Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka]]'' (1933), a short film produced by Masaoka.{{sfn|Baricordi|2000|page=12}}<ref name="kodanasha1993">{{cite book |title=Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/japanillustrated01koda |url-access=registration |year=1993 |publisher=[[Kodansha]] |location=Tokyo, Japan |isbn=978-4-06-206489-7}}</ref> The first feature-length anime film was ''[[Momotaro: Sacred Sailors]]'' (1945), produced by Seo with a sponsorship from the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]].<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Official booklet, ''The Roots of Japanese Anime'' |type=DVD |publisher=Zakka Films |date=2009}}</ref> The 1950s saw a proliferation of short, animated advertisements created for television.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Douglass |first1=Jason Cody |title=Beyond Anime? Rethinking Japanese Animation Through Early Animated Television Commercials |date=2019 |publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]] |isbn=9783030279394 |page=213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_rEDwAAQBAJ&q=animation+and+advertising}}</ref>

===Modern era===
[[File:Astro Boy 1963 opening.jpg|thumb|left|Frame from the opening sequence of Tezuka's 1963 TV series ''[[Astro Boy (1963 TV series)|Astro Boy]]'']]

In the 1960s, [[manga]] artist and animator [[Osamu Tezuka]] adapted and simplified Disney animation techniques to reduce costs and limit frame counts in his productions.{{sfn|Brenner|2007|p=6}} Originally intended as temporary measures to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule with inexperienced staff, many of his [[limited animation]] practices came to define the medium's style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/Events/Anime62/Anime62.html |title=The History of Anime & Manga |last=Zagzoug |first=Marwa |date=April 2001 |publisher=[[Northern Virginia Community College]] |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519110530/http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/Events/Anime62/Anime62.html |archive-date=19 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Three Tales (anime)|Three Tales]]'' (1960) was the first anime film broadcast on television;{{sfn|Patten|2004|p=271}} the first anime television series was ''[[Instant History]]'' (1961–64).{{sfn|Patten|2004|p=219}} An early and influential success was [[Astro Boy (1963 TV series)|''Astro Boy'']] (1963–66), a television series directed by Tezuka based on [[Astro Boy|his manga of the same name]]. Many animators at Tezuka's [[Mushi Production]] later established major anime studios (including [[Madhouse (company)|Madhouse]], [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]], and [[Pierrot (company)|Pierrot]]).

The 1970s saw growth in the popularity of manga, many of which were later animated. Tezuka's work—and that of other pioneers in the field—inspired characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of anime today. The giant robot genre (also known as "[[mecha]]"), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed into the [[Super Robot|super robot]] genre under [[Go Nagai]] and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]], who developed the [[Real Robot|real robot]] genre.{{sfn|Patten|2004|p=264}} Robot anime series such as ''[[Gundam]]'' and ''[[Super Dimension Fortress Macross]]'' became instant classics in the 1980s, and the genre remained one of the most popular in the following decades.{{sfn|Patten|2004|pp=306–307}} The [[Japanese asset price bubble|bubble economy]] of the 1980s spurred a new era of high-budget and experimental anime films, including ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'' (1984), ''[[Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise]]'' (1987), and ''[[Akira (1988 film)|Akira]]'' (1988).{{sfn|Le Blanc|Odell|2017|page=56}}

''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'' (1995), a television series produced by [[Gainax]] and directed by [[Hideaki Anno]], began another era of experimental anime titles, such as ''[[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' (1995) and ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]'' (1998). In the 1990s, anime also began attracting greater interest in Western countries; major international successes include ''[[Sailor Moon (TV series)|Sailor Moon]]'' and ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'', both of which were [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] into more than a dozen languages worldwide. In 2003, ''[[Spirited Away]]'', a [[Studio Ghibli]] feature film directed by [[Hayao Miyazaki]], won the [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]] at the [[75th Academy Awards]]. It later became the [[List of highest-grossing anime films|highest-grossing anime film]],{{efn|''Spirited Away'' was later surpassed as the highest-grossing anime film by ''[[Your Name]]'' (2016).}} earning more than $355&nbsp;million. Since the 2000s, an increased number of anime works have been adaptations of [[light novel]]s and [[visual novel]]s; successful examples include ''[[The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya]]'' and ''[[Fate/stay night]]'' (both 2006). ''[[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba the Movie: Mugen Train]]'' became the [[List of highest-grossing films in Japan|highest-grossing Japanese film]] and one of the world's highest-grossing films of 2020.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54730487 |title=How a demon-slaying film is drawing Japan back to the cinemas |date=31 October 2020 |website=[[BBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103161257/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54730487 |archive-date=3 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |date=October 31, 2020 |title=How a demon-slaying film is drawing Japan back to the cinemas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54730487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103161257/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54730487 |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |website=BBC}}</ref> It also became the fastest grossing film in Japanese cinema, because in 10 days it made 10 billion yen ($95.3m; £72m).<ref name="bbc"/> It beat the previous record of ''[[Spirited Away]]'' which took 25 days.<ref name="bbc"/><ref>{{cite web |date=November 14, 2020 |title=The world is watching more anime and streaming services are buying |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-world-is-watching-more-animeand-streaming-services-are-buying-11605365629 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422222339/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-world-is-watching-more-animeand-streaming-services-are-buying-11605365629 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=June 5, 2021 |title=Streaming and covid-19 have entrenched anime's global popularity |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2021/06/05/streaming-and-covid-19-have-entrenched-animes-global-popularity |access-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109124437/https://www.economist.com/business/2021/06/05/streaming-and-covid-19-have-entrenched-animes-global-popularity |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=Streaming giants battle for anime supremacy |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/streaming-giants-battle-for-anime-supremacy |website=[[The Straits Times]] |access-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607235146/https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/streaming-giants-battle-for-anime-supremacy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=Streaming giants battle to be top platform for Japanese anime |url=https://www.scmp.com/video/asia/3220322/streaming-giants-battle-be-top-platform-japanese-anime |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529161703/https://www.scmp.com/video/asia/3220322/streaming-giants-battle-be-top-platform-japanese-anime |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, the anime adaptations of ''[[Jujutsu Kaisen]]'', ''[[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (TV series)|Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba]]'' and ''[[Tokyo Revengers]]'' were among the top 10 most discussed TV shows worldwide on Twitter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/insights/2021/2021--onlyontwitter|title=2021 #OnlyOnTwitter|date=9 December 2021|website=Twitter|access-date=November 4, 2023|archive-date=December 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209171456/https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/insights/2021/2021--onlyontwitter|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ktops">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbr.com/jujutsu-kaisen-squid-game-wandavision-twitter-2021/|title=Jujutsu Kaisen Tops Squid Game, Wandavision in Social Media's 2021 Discussions|date=9 December 2021|website=CBR|access-date=December 16, 2021|archive-date=March 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310061915/https://www.cbr.com/jujutsu-kaisen-squid-game-wandavision-twitter-2021/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, ''[[Attack on Titan (TV series)|Attack on Titan]]'' won the award of "Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2021" in the Global TV Demand Awards. ''Attack on Titan'' became the first ever non-English language series to earn the title of World's Most In-Demand TV Show, previously held by only ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'' and ''[[Game of Thrones]]''.<ref name="WFMZ-TV">{{Cite web|title=Anime and Asian series dominate 4th Annual Global TV Demand Awards, highlighting industry and consumer trends towards international content|url=https://www.wfmz.com/news/pr_newswire/pr_newswire_entertainment/anime-and-asian-series-dominate-4th-annual-global-tv-demand-awards-highlighting-industry-and-consumer/article_28591ec0-befe-57c6-99c3-eebe66ad66c5.html|date=January 25, 2022|access-date=January 27, 2022|publisher=[[WFMZ-TV]]|archive-date=March 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328045603/https://www.wfmz.com/news/pr_newswire/pr_newswire_entertainment/anime-and-asian-series-dominate-4th-annual-global-tv-demand-awards-highlighting-industry-and-consumer/article_28591ec0-befe-57c6-99c3-eebe66ad66c5.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, ''Jujutsu Kaisen'' broke the [[Guinness World Record]] for the "Most in-demand animated TV show" with a global demand rating 71.2 times than that of the average TV show, previously held by ''Attack on Titan''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/566389-most-in-demand-animated-tv-show|title=Most in-demand animated TV show|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|access-date=April 5, 2024|archive-date=April 5, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405002815/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/566389-most-in-demand-animated-tv-show|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mateo|first=Alex|title=Guinness World Records Names Jujutsu Kaisen 'Most In-Demand Animated TV Show'|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2024-04-05/guinness-world-records-names-jujutsu-kaisen-most-in-demand-animated-tv-show/.209592|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=April 5, 2024|access-date=April 5, 2024|archive-date=April 5, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405204400/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2024-04-05/guinness-world-records-names-jujutsu-kaisen-most-in-demand-animated-tv-show/.209592|url-status=live}}</ref>