Editing Angela Davis (section)

==Education==

===Brandeis University===
Davis was awarded a scholarship to [[Brandeis University]] in [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]], [[Massachusetts]], where she was one of three black students in her class. She encountered the [[Frankfurt School]] philosopher [[Herbert Marcuse]] at a rally during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] and became his student. In a 2007 television interview, Davis said, "Herbert Marcuse taught me that it was possible to be an academic, an activist, a scholar, and a revolutionary."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2007/aug/23/bourgeois-marxist|title=The Bourgeois Marxist|author=Barbarella Fokos|publisher=sandiegoreader.com|date=August 23, 2007|access-date=October 21, 2010|archive-date=March 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331175944/https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2007/aug/23/bourgeois-marxist/|url-status=live}}</ref> She worked part-time to earn enough money to travel to France and Switzerland and attended the eighth [[World Festival of Youth and Students]] in [[Helsinki, Finland|Helsinki]]. She returned home in 1963 to a [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] interview about her attendance at the communist-sponsored festival.<ref name="Waters">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Angela Yvonne|title=Angela Davis: An Autobiography|date=March 1989|publisher=International Publishers|location=New York City|isbn=0-7178-0667-7|chapter=Waters}}</ref>

During her second year at Brandeis, Davis decided to major in French and continued her study of philosopher and writer [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. She was accepted by the [[Hamilton College (New York)|Hamilton College]] Junior Year in France Program. Classes were initially at [[Biarritz]] and later at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]]. In Paris, she and other students lived with a French family. She was in Biarritz when she learned of the 1963 [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing|Birmingham church bombing]], committed by members of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], in which four black girls were killed; she had been personally acquainted with the victims.<ref name="Waters"/>

While completing her degree in French, Davis realized that her primary area of interest was philosophy. She was particularly interested in Marcuse's ideas. On returning to Brandeis, she sat in on his course. She wrote in her autobiography that Marcuse was approachable and helpful. She began making plans to attend the [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main|University of Frankfurt]] for [[Graduate school|graduate work]] in philosophy. In 1965, she graduated ''[[magna cum laude]]'', a member of [[Phi Beta Kappa]].<ref name="Waters"/>

===University of Frankfurt===
[[File:Angela_Davis_at_Goethe_University_in_Frankfurt,_Germany.tif|thumb|180px|As a student at the Institute of Social Research at [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Goethe University]] in [[Frankfurt]], Germany. Davis studied the work of philosophers [[Kant]], [[Hegel]], and [[Adorno]]]] In [[West Germany]], with a monthly stipend of $100, she lived first with a German family and later with a group of students in a loft in an old factory. After visiting [[East Berlin]] during the annual [[May Day#Germany|May Day celebration]], she felt that the [[East Germany|East German]] government was dealing better with the residual effects of [[fascism]] than were the West Germans. Many of her roommates were active in the radical [[Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund|Socialist German Student Union]] (SDS), and Davis participated in some SDS actions. Events in the United States, including the formation of the [[Black Panther Party]] and the transformation of [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC) to an all-black organization, drew her interest upon her return.<ref name="Waters" />

===Postgraduate work===
Marcuse had moved to a position at the [[University of California, San Diego]], and Davis followed him there after her two years in [[Frankfurt]].<ref name="Waters"/> Davis traveled to London to attend a conference on "The Dialectics of Liberation". The black contingent at the conference included the Trinidadian-American<!-- description per his own article --> [[Stokely Carmichael]] and the British [[Michael X]]. Although moved by Carmichael's rhetoric, Davis was reportedly disappointed by her colleagues' [[black nationalism|black nationalist]] sentiments and their rejection of communism as a "white man's thing".<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Angela Yvonne|title=Angela Davis: An Autobiography|date=March 1989|publisher=International Publishers|location=New York City|isbn=0-7178-0667-7|chapter=Flames}}</ref>

She joined the Che-Lumumba Club, an all-black branch of the Communist Party USA named for revolutionaries [[Che Guevara]] and [[Patrice Lumumba]], of Cuba and Congo, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Angela Davis Biography: Academic, Civil Rights Activist, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist|url=http://www.biography.com/people/angela-davis-9267589|website=biography|publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC.|access-date=May 6, 2015|archive-date=March 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331175939/https://www.biography.com/people/angela-davis-9267589|url-status=live}}</ref>

Davis earned a [[master's degree]] from the University of California, San Diego, in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/angela-davis-40|title=Angela Davis {{!}} The HistoryMakers|website=thehistorymakers.org|language=en|access-date=February 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331175938/https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/angela-davis-40|archive-date=March 31, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> She completed some work for a PhD at the University of California, San Diego around 1970 but never received a degree because her manuscripts were confiscated by the FBI.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/African-American-Philosophers-17-Conversations/Yancy/p/book/9780415921008|title=African-American philosphers: 17 conversations|author=George Yancy|publisher=Routledge|date=1998|access-date=August 7, 2023|archive-date=August 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807070601/https://www.routledge.com/African-American-Philosophers-17-Conversations/Yancy/p/book/9780415921008|url-status=live}}</ref>
Instead, two years later, she received three honorary doctorates: In August 1972 from [[Moscow State University]],<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Graaf|first1=Beatrice de|title=Evaluating Counterterrorism Performance: A Comparative Study|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136806551|page=199|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=we6rAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|language=en|date=March 15, 2011|access-date=March 12, 2017|archive-date=April 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412144915/https://books.google.com/books?id=we6rAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and from the [[Tashkent State University|University of Tashkent]] during that same visit,<ref name="Uzbeks Honor Angela Davis">{{Cite news |date=1972-09-03 |title=Uzbeks Honor Angela Davis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/03/archives/uzbeks-honor-angela-davis.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The New York Times |pages=67 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and in September 1972 from the [[Karl Marx University, Leipzig|Karl-Marx University]] in [[Leipzig]], Germany.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|title=Unverwechselbarer "Afrolook": Angela Davis, Bürgerrechtskämpferin, erhält am 13. 09. 1972 die Ehrendoktorwürde|url=https://blog.archiv.uni-leipzig.de/index.php/2018/09/13/unverwechselbarer-afrolook-angela-davis-buergerrechtskaempferin-erhaelt-am-13-09-1972-die-ehrendoktorwuerde/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411001934/https://blog.archiv.uni-leipzig.de/index.php/2018/09/13/unverwechselbarer-afrolook-angela-davis-buergerrechtskaempferin-erhaelt-am-13-09-1972-die-ehrendoktorwuerde/|archive-date=April 11, 2021}}</ref> In 1981, she returned to Germany to continue working on her PhD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ND-Archiv: 25.07.1981: Schwarze Rose kämpft für Recht und Frieden |url=https://www.nd-archiv.de/artikel/928115.schwarze-rose-kaempft-fuer-recht-und-frieden.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.nd-archiv.de |archive-date=January 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130014923/https://www.nd-archiv.de/artikel/928115.schwarze-rose-kaempft-fuer-recht-und-frieden.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] does not have a record of an often-cited PhD degree from Angela Davis.<ref name="Humboldt Library Catalogue">{{cite web|last1=Humboldt|first1=University|title=Library Catalogue Search|url=https://hu-berlin.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/search?vid=hub_ub&lang=en_US|website=Humboldt University Catalogue Search|access-date=August 7, 2023|archive-date=August 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807070606/https://hu-berlin.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/search?vid=hub_ub&lang=en_US|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Lorenz |first=Sophie |title=»Schwarze Schwester Angela« - Die DDR und Angela Davis: Kalter Krieg, Rassismus und Black Power 1965-1975 |date=2020-06-27 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783839450314/html?lang=en |work=»Schwarze Schwester Angela« - Die DDR und Angela Davis |access-date=2023-10-14 |publisher=transcript Verlag |language=de |doi=10.1515/9783839450314 |isbn=978-3-8394-5031-4 |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103005243/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783839450314/html?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>