Editing Anarchist communism (section)

=== Forerunners ===
The modern current of [[communism]] was founded by the [[Neo-Babouvism|Neo-Babouvists]]<ref>
Compare:
{{cite book
 |last1                = Sandle
 |first1               = Mark
 |date                 = 22 May 2014
 |orig-date            = 2006
 |chapter              = The rise of 'modern' communism
 |title                = Communism
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=2eihAwAAQBAJ
 |series               = Short Histories of Big Ideas
 |publication-place    = Abingdon
 |publisher            = Routledge
 |page                 = 
 |isbn                 = 9781317869894
 |access-date          = 30 November 2024
 |quote                = 'Communism' as a concept began to circulate in France in the ferment created after the [[July Revolution|1830 revolution]], but emerged in the 1840s to designate those groups who adhered to the views of [[Étienne Cabet|Cabet]]. [...] In opposition to the socialists, the 'communists' emphasized revolution, militancy, class struggle and radical egalitarianism. [...] The origins of communism as an organized movement which emphasized and propagated these themes can be traced to the 1830s. [...] In 1836 in Paris a small group of German exiles formed the [[League of the Just]], dedicated to carrying on the [[Gracchus Babeuf|Babouvist]] tradition of revolution and radicalism.
}} 
</ref>
of the journal {{lang | fr | {{ill|L'Humanitaire|fr|L'Humanitaire}}}} (published in mid-1841),<ref>
{{Cite web
| url          = https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/catalogue/livre/lhumanitaire-1841/31379
| title        = L'Humanitaire (1841): Naissance d'une presse anarchiste ?
| last1        = Paris
| first1       = Jean-Michel
| year         = 2014
| publisher    = L'Harmattan
| language     = fr
| access-date  = 30 November 2024
| quote        = En juillet 1841 paraît L'Humanitaire, un journal qu'on prétend communiste mais qui est aussitôt condamné par tous les périodiques communistes. Franchement matérialiste et même anarchiste, ce journal est assurément un témoin original de la formation d'idéologies radicales, sous la Monarchie de Juillet. 
}}
</ref>
who drew from the "anti-political and anarchist ideas" of [[Sylvain Maréchal]] (1750–1803).<ref>{{harvnb|Pengam|1987|p=62}}: "[...] the communists around the journal {{lang | fr | L'Humanitaire, organe de la science sociale}} advocated a programme of action very close to that of Dézamy, proposing, among other things, the abolition of marriage. In addition, they made travel one of the principal characteristics of communist society, because it would bring about mixing of the races and interchange between industrial and agricultural activities. This group also identified itself with the Babouvist Sylvain Maréchal for having proclaimed 'anti-political and anarchist ideas'."</ref>
The foundations of anarcho-communism were laid by [[Théodore Dézamy]] in his 1843 work ''Code de la Communauté'',<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Dézamy
 |first1               = Théodore
 |author-link1         = Théodore Dézamy
 |year                 = 1843
 |title                = Code de la communauté
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=0zL8s6cyDK4C
 |access-date          = 16 December 2024
}} 
</ref>
which he formulated as a critique of [[Étienne Cabet]]'s [[utopian socialism]]. In his ''Code'', Dézamy advocated the abolition of [[money]], of the [[division of labour]] and of the [[State (polity)|state]].<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Dézamy
 |first1               = Théodore
 |author-link1         = Théodore Dézamy
 |year                 = 1843
 |title                = Code de la communauté
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=0zL8s6cyDK4C
 |access-date          = 16 December 2024
 |page                 = 236
 |quote                = L'état, a proprement parler, n'est qu'une collection de communes toutes égales entre elles, mais une collection harmonieuse et intelligente.
}} 
</ref>
He also championed the introduction of [[common ownership]] of property and the distribution of resources "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs|from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs]]". In anticipation of anarchist communism, Dézamy rejected the need for a transitional stage between [[capitalism]] and communism, instead calling for immediate [[communisation]] through the direct cessation of [[commerce]].{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=61–62}}

[[File:Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of the [[June Days uprising]] of 1848, which [[Joseph Déjacque]] considered to be a [[social revolution]] by the [[proletariat]] ]]

Following the [[French Revolution of 1848]], [[Joseph Déjacque]] (1821–1865) formulated a radical form of communism that opposed both the [[revolutionary republic]]anism of [[Auguste Blanqui]] and the [[mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] of [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]. Déjacque opposed the authoritarian conception of a "[[dictatorship of the proletariat]]" as discussed by [[Joseph Weydemeyer]] and by [[Karl Marx]] from 1852 onwards; he regarded it as inherently [[reactionary]] and [[counter-revolutionary]]. Instead, he upheld the [[autonomy]] and [[self-organisation]] of workers, which he saw expressed during the 1848 [[June Days uprising]] in Paris against the [[representative democracy|representative politics]] of governmentalism. Opposed not just to government, but to all forms of [[oppression]], Déjacque advocated for a [[social revolution]] to abolish the state, as well as religion, what would become known as the [[nuclear family]], and private property. In their place, Déjacque upheld a form of [[anarchy]] based on the free distribution of resources.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=62–64}}

Déjacque particularly focused his critique on private commerce, such as that espoused by Proudhon and by the [[Ricardian socialism|Ricardian socialists]] of the 1820s and 1830s. He advocated workers' right to the satisfaction of their needs, rather than to keep the product of their own labour, as he felt the latter would inevitably lead to [[capital accumulation]]. He thus advocated for all property to be held under common ownership and for "unlimited freedom of production and consumption", subordinated only to the authority of the "statistics book". In order to guarantee the universal satisfaction of needs, Déjacque saw the need for the abolition of [[forced labour]] through [[workers' self-management]], and the abolition of the [[division of labour]] through integrating the [[proletariat]] and the [[intelligentsia]] into a single class. In order to achieve this vision of a communist society, he proposed a transitionary period of in which [[direct democracy]] and [[barter|direct exchange]] would be upheld, positions of state would undergo [[democratization]], and the [[police]] and [[military]] would be abolished.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=64–66}}

Déjacque's communist platform, outlined in his ''Humanisphere'' (1859), preceded the program of the 1871 [[Paris Commune]], and anticipated the anarcho-communism later elaborated by [[Errico Malatesta]] (1853–1932), [[Peter Kropotkin]] (1842–1921) and [[Luigi Galleani]] (1862–1931).{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=66–67}}