Editing Anaheim, California (section)

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Anaheim, California}}

===Tongva era===
[[Tongva]] people are indigenous to Anaheim's region of Southern California. Evidence suggests their presence [[Tongva#Before the mission period|since 3500 BCE]]. The Tongva village at Anaheim was called [[Hutuknga|Hutuukuga]].<ref name="Bowers">{{citation |url=http://www.tongvapeople.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Bowers-Curriculum-Guide.pdf|title=Southern California Indian Curriculum Guide|publisher=The Bowers Museum of Cultural Art|date=2002}}</ref> The village has been noted as one of the largest Tongva villages throughout [[Tovaangar]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last1=Koerper |first1=Henry |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZweaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|title=Catalysts to complexity : late Holocene societies of the California coast |last2=Mason |first2=Roger |last3= Peterson |first3=Mark |date=2002 |publisher=Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA |editor1-first=Jon|editor1-last= Erlandson|editor2-first= Terry L.|editor2-last= Jones|editor3-first= Jeanne E.|editor3-last= Arnold |isbn=978-1-938770-67-8 |location=Los Angeles |pages=64–66, 79 |oclc=745176510|chapter = Complexity, Demography, and Change in Late Holocene Orange County}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Brigandi |first=Phil |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/914181947 |title= Orange County chronicles |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-62584-588-7 |location=Charleston |oclc=914181947 |publisher= The History Press }}</ref> [[Native species|Native plants]] like [[oak trees]] and [[Salvia|sage]] bushes were an important food source, as well as rabbit and [[mule deer]] for meat. The village had deep trade connections with coastal villages and those further inland.<ref name=":12"/>

===Spanish and Mexican era===
The area that makes up modern-day Anaheim, along with [[Placentia, California|Placentia]] and [[Fullerton, California|Fullerton]], were part of the [[Rancho San Juan Cajón de Santa Ana]], a Mexican-era [[ranchos of California|rancho grant]], given to Juan Pacífico Ontiveros in 1837 by [[Juan Bautista Alvarado]], then [[Governor of Alta California]]. Following the American [[Conquest of California]], the rancho was patented to Ontiveros by [[Public Land Commission]]. In 1857, Ontiveros sold 1,160 acres (out of his more than 35,000 acre estate) to 50 German-American families for the founding of Anaheim.

===Founding===
[[File:Anaheim-1890.jpg|thumb|right|Anaheim in 1890]]

The city of Anaheim was founded in 1857 by 50 German-Americans who were residents of San Francisco<ref name="Armor">{{cite book|last=Armor|first=Samuel|author2=E.B. Merritt|chapter=IV|title=History of Orange County, California: With Biographical Sketches|access-date=October 3, 2013|year=1921|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhMVAAAAYAAJ&q=%22City+of+Anaheim%22+anaheim&pg=PA230|publisher=Historic Record Company|location=Los Angeles|page=53}}</ref> and whose families had originated in [[Rothenburg ob der Tauber]], [[Franconia]] in [[Bavaria]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-24-li-1208-story.html|title=THE GERMANS OF ORANGE COUNTY : Euphoria Prevails at Phoenix Club After Dramatic Events in Ancestral Land|date=February 24, 1990|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anaheim.net/facilities/facility/details/Founders-Park-51|title=Founders' Park|website=Anaheim.net|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=March 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326110232/http://anaheim.net/Facilities/Facility/Details/Founders-Park-51|url-status=dead}}</ref> After traveling through the state looking for a suitable area to grow grapes, the group decided to purchase a {{convert|1165|acre|km2}} parcel from Juan Pacífico Ontiveros' large Rancho San Juan Cajón de Santa Ana in present-day [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] for $2 per acre.<ref name="Armor"/> It's recorded as the oldest American founded city in Orange County.<ref name="Armor" /> 

For $750 a share, the group formed the [[Anaheim Vineyard Company]] headed by [[George Hanson (Anaheim)|George Hansen]].<ref name="Armor"/> Their new community was named ''Annaheim'', meaning "home by the Santa Ana River" in German.<ref name="Armor"/> The name later was altered to Anaheim. To the Spanish-speaking neighbors, the settlement was known as ''Campo Alemán'' ({{langx|en|German Field}}).

Although grape and wine-making was their primary objective, the majority of the 50 settlers were mechanics, carpenters and craftsmen with no experience in wine-making.<ref name="Armor"/> The community set aside {{convert|40|acres|0|abbr=on}} for a town center and a school was the first building erected there.<ref name="Armor"/> The first home was built in 1857, the ''Anaheim Gazette'' newspaper was established in 1870 and a hotel in 1871. The census of 1870 reported a population of 565 for the Anaheim district.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.lawesterners.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/249-BI_249.pdf|title=What a Difference a Decade Makes: Ethnic and Racial Demographic Change in Los Angeles County during the 1860s |author=Paul R. Spitzzeri|journal=Branding Iron|date=Fall 2007}}</ref> For 25 years, the area was the largest wine producer in California.<ref name="Armor"/> However, in 1884, a disease infected the grape vines and by the following year the entire industry was destroyed. Other crops&nbsp;– walnuts, lemons and oranges&nbsp;– soon filled the void. Fruits and vegetables had become viable cash crops when the Los Angeles&nbsp;– Orange County region was connected to the continental railroad network in 1887.<ref>{{cite web | title = A brief history of Orange County | author = Phil Brigandi | publisher = County of Orange | date = March 9, 2007 | access-date = May 28, 2009 | url = http://www.oc.ca.gov/RECORDER/Archives/forms/history%20of%20orange%20county.pdf| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090528102945/http://www.oc.ca.gov/recorder/Archives/forms/history%20of%20orange%20county.pdf| archive-date= May 28, 2009 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

===Helena Modjeska===
Polish actress [[Helena Modjeska]] settled in Anaheim with her husband and various friends, among them [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], Julian Sypniewski and Łucjan Paprocki. While living in Anaheim, Helena Modjeska became good friends with Clementine Langenberger, the second wife of August Langenberger.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anaheimcolony.com/profiles.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203231835/http://www.anaheimcolony.com/profiles.htm |archive-date=February 3, 2006 |title=August Langenberger}}</ref> Helena Street<ref name="anaheim1">{{cite web|url=http://www.anaheim.net/article.asp?id=216 |title=City of Anaheim&nbsp;– A Brief History of Modern Day Anaheim |publisher=Anaheim.net |access-date=October 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927143924/http://www.anaheim.net/article.asp?id=216 |archive-date=September 27, 2011  }}</ref> and Clementine Street<ref name="anaheim1"/> are named after these two ladies, and the streets are located adjacent to each other as a symbol of the strong friendship which Helena Modjeska and Clementine Lagenberger shared. Modjeska Park<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anaheim.net/article.asp?id=1171 |title=City of Anaheim&nbsp;– Modjeska Park Picnic Shelter |publisher=Anaheim.net |access-date=October 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306060550/http://www.anaheim.net/article.asp?id=1171 |archive-date=March 6, 2012 }}</ref> in West Anaheim, is also named after Helena Modjeska.

===Early 20th century===
[[File:Front exterior of Anaheim High School, ca.1900 (CHS-2815).jpg|thumb|Anaheim High School, {{Circa|1900}}]]
During the first half of the 20th century, Anaheim was a massive rural community dominated by orange [[Grove (nature)|groves]] and the [[landowners]] who farmed them. One of the landowners was Bennett Payne Baxter, who owned much land in northeast Anaheim that today is the location of Angel Stadium.<ref name="anaheim2">{{cite web|url=http://www.anaheim.net/article.asp?id=235 |title=City of Anaheim&nbsp;– Parks Division |publisher=Anaheim.net |access-date=October 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124172552/http://www.anaheim.net/article.asp?id=235 |archive-date=November 24, 2011 }}</ref> He came up with many new ideas for irrigating orange groves and shared his ideas with other landowners. He was not only successful, he helped other landowners and businesspeople succeed as well. Ben Baxter and other landowners helped to make Anaheim a thriving rural community before the opening of [[Disneyland]] transformed the city. A street along Edison Park<ref name="anaheim2"/> is named Baxter Street. Also during this time, [[Rudolph Boysen]] served as Anaheim's first Park Superintendent from 1921 to 1950. Boysen created a hybrid berry which [[Walter Knott]] later named the [[boysenberry]], after Rudy Boysen. Boysen Park<ref>{{cite web|url=http://events.ocregister.com/anaheim-ca/venues/show/30634-boysen-park |title=Boysen Park |publisher=Events.ocregister.com |access-date=November 25, 2012}}</ref> in East Anaheim was also named after him.

[[File:Anaheim-1922.jpg|thumb|right|Anaheim in 1922]]
In 1924, [[Ku Klux Klan]] members were elected to the Anaheim City Council on a platform of political reform. Up until that point, the city had been controlled by a long-standing business and civic elite that was mostly [[German American]]. Given their tradition of moderate social drinking, the German Americans did not strongly support [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition laws]] of the day. The mayor himself was a former saloon keeper. Led by the minister of the First Christian Church, the Klan represented a rising group of politically oriented non-ethnic Germans who denounced the elite as corrupt, undemocratic, and self-serving. The Klansmen aimed to create what they saw as a model, orderly community, one in which prohibition against alcohol would be strictly enforced. At the time, the KKK had about 1,200 members in Orange County. The economic and occupational profile of the pro and anti-Klan groups shows the two were similar and about equally prosperous. Klan members were Protestants, as were the majority of their opponents; however, the opposition to the Klan also included many [[Catholic Germans]]. Individuals who joined the Klan had earlier demonstrated a much higher rate of voting and civic activism than did their opponents, and many of the individuals in Orange County who joined the Klan did so out of a sense of civic activism. Upon easily winning the local Anaheim election in April 1924, the Klan representatives promptly fired city employees who were known to be Catholic and replaced them with Klan appointees. The new city council tried to enforce prohibition. After its victory, the Klan chapter held large rallies and initiation ceremonies over the summer.<ref name="Cocoltchos"/>

The opposition to the KKK's hold on Anaheim politics organized, bribed a Klansman for their secret membership list, and exposed the Klansmen running in the state primaries, defeating most of the candidates. In 1925, Klan opponents took back local government, and succeeded in a special election in recalling the Klansmen who had been elected in April 1924. The Klan in Anaheim quickly collapsed; its newspaper closed after losing a libel suit, and the minister who led the local Klavern moved to Kansas.<ref name="Cocoltchos">Christopher N. Cocoltchos, "The Invisible Empire and the Search for the Orderly Community: The Ku Klux Klan in Anaheim, California", in Shawn Lay, ed. ''The invisible empire in the West'' (2004), pp. 97–120.</ref>

===Mid to late 20th century: ===
Facilitation of new industries and suburban residents was possible due to the expansion of highways out of Los Angeles. Population dispersal efforts were made by the California's Division of Highways in order to subvert an easily targeted population cluster for atomic threats in the aftermath of World War II.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lewinnek |first=Elaine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2j6xf5f |title=A People's Guide to Orange County |last2=Arellano |first2=Gustavo |last3=Vo Dang |first3=Thuy |date=2022 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-29995-5 |edition=1 |volume=4}}</ref>

=== Fricker Fertilizer Factory Fire ===
The Fricker Fertilizer Factory fire on June 21, 1985 <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1985-06-25 |title=AROUND THE NATION; 11,500 Are Evacuated In Coast Pesticide Fire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/25/us/around-the-nation-11500-are-evacuated-in-coast-pesticide-fire.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> has been considered to be one of the worst environmental disasters in Orange County.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kopetman |first=Roxana |date=1986-06-22 |title=One Year After, Fricker Fire Leaves Legacy of Ordinances |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-06-22-me-20616-story.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A pesticide warehouse under the Larry Fricker Company was set ablaze, burning for four days due to the hazardous, highly toxic chemicals, such as [[Bromomethane|methyl bromide gas]] and [[Organophosphate|organophosphates]], that were stored inside. The fire released more than 80 different chemicals into the air, which were carried by winds to surrounding neighborhoods.   

The first round of evacuations took place 14 hours after the fire was reported and witnesses claimed that the air appeared "thick" and exposed skin began to intensely itch. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kopetman |first=Roxana |date=1986-06-22 |title=One Year After, Fricker Fire Leaves Legacy of Ordinances |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-06-22-me-20616-story.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Working-class neighborhoods within a 2-mile radius in the cities of Fullerton, Anaheim, and Placentia were evacuated, resulting in a conservative estimate more than 7,500 evacuees <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindgren |first=Kristina |last2=Wride |first2=Nancy |date=1985-06-28 |title=Fricker Fire Site Cleanup Delays Arson Investigators |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-28-me-1372-story.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and the closure of the 57 freeway for two days. 

Cleanup operations are recorded to have removed four tons of ammonium nitrate in order to avoid additional explosions.<ref name=":0" /> Twenty cases of hospitalization were linked to the toxic fumes emitted by the factory fire and lingering effects in the population included burning lungs, itching skin, boils, and rashes.<ref name=":1" />

The $100-million class action lawsuit against the Fricker Company of Anaheim had been dropped a year later in exchange for several, smaller lawsuits as well as legal reform that mandated businesses in California report the type, quantity, and location of toxic chemicals on the premises.<ref name=":1" /> 

===Disneyland and the Anaheim Resort===

Construction of the [[Disneyland]] theme park began on July 16, 1954, and it opened to the public on July 17, 1955. It has become one of the world's most visited tourist attractions, with over 650&nbsp;million visitors since its opening. The location was formerly {{convert|160|acre|km2}} of orange and walnut trees. The opening of Disneyland created a tourism boom in the Anaheim area. [[Walt Disney]] had originally intended to purchase additional land to build accommodations for Disneyland visitors; however, the park's construction drained his financial resources and he was unable to acquire more land. [[Entrepreneur]]s eager to capitalize on Disney's success moved in and built hotels, restaurants, and shops around Disneyland and eventually boxed in the Disney property, and turned the area surrounding Disneyland into the boulevards of colorful [[neon sign]]s that Walt Disney had tried to avoid. The city of Anaheim, eager for tax revenue these hotels would generate, did little to obstruct their construction.<ref>{{cite book |last1=France |first1=Van Arsdale |title=Window on Main Street : 35 years of creating happiness at Disneyland Park |date=1991 |publisher=Laughter Publications |location=Nashua, NH |isbn=0-941613-17-8 |page=17 |edition=1st}}</ref>

By the mid-1960s, the city's explosive growth would attract a [[Major League Baseball]] team, with the [[California Angels]] relocating from Los Angeles to Anaheim in 1966, where they have remained since. In 1980, the [[National Football League]]'s [[Los Angeles Rams]] relocated from the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] to the Angels' home field, [[Anaheim Stadium]], playing there until their relocation to [[St. Louis]] in 1995. In 1993, Anaheim gained its own [[National Hockey League]] team when [[The Walt Disney Company]] founded the [[Mighty Ducks of Anaheim]].

In the 1990s, while Disneyland was undergoing a significant expansion project surrounding the construction of [[Disney California Adventure Park]], the city of Anaheim rebranded the surrounding area as the Anaheim Resort. The Anaheim Resort district is roughly bounded by the [[Santa Ana River]] to the east, Ball Road to the north, Walnut Street to the west, and the [[Garden Grove, California|Garden Grove]] city limits to the south at Chapman Avenue, and Orangewood Avenue to the southwest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?qscrl=1&nord=1&rlz=1T4TSND_enUS441US412&q=Anaheim+Resort&ion=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&biw=1303&bih=596&wrapid=tlif134126507311210&um=1&sa=N&tab=wl |title=Anaheim Resort |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=July 4, 2012}}</ref> Attractions within the Resort District include the [[Disneyland Resort]], the [[Anaheim Convention Center]], the [[Honda Center]], Anaheim/Orange County Walk of Stars, and [[Angel Stadium of Anaheim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anaheim.net |title=City of Anaheim official site |publisher=Anaheim.net |date=March 7, 2012 |access-date=July 4, 2012}}</ref>

Part of the project included removing the colorful neon signs and replacing them with shorter, more modest signs, as well as widening the arterial streets in the area into tree-lined boulevards.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grad |first1=Shelby |title=Cities' Towering Signs Coming Down to Earth |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-08-26-me-37907-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=August 26, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Travel Advisory - Correspondent's Report - A Makeover in Anaheim, For Parks and City - NYTimes.com |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/23/travel/travel-advisory-correspondent-s-report-a-makeover-in-anaheim-for-parks-and-city.html |website= [[The New York Times]]|date=May 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527143439/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/23/travel/travel-advisory-correspondent-s-report-a-makeover-in-anaheim-for-parks-and-city.html |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Further expansion included the purchase of the Fujishige Strawberry Farm in 1998 which sold for just under $100 million to Disney after nearly half a decade of financial proposals to the former owners.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Munoz |first=Lorenza |last2=Reza |first2=H. g |date=1998-09-30 |title=Farmer Who Stood Ground Dies |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-sep-30-me-27837-story.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Today the former farm features a Hilton Hotel and is the site of the 'Toy Story' parking lot.

===21st century===
In 2001, Disney's California Adventure (renamed [[Disney California Adventure Park]] in 2010), the most expansive project in Disneyland's history, opened to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Niles|first=Robert|date=2013|title=Theme Park History: A short history of Disney California Adventure|url=https://www.themeparkinsider.com/flume/201309/3665/|access-date=April 10, 2021|website=Theme Park Insider}}</ref> In 2007, Anaheim celebrated its [[sesquicentennial]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2006/12/19/anaheim-releases-150-float-rendering/|title=Anaheim releases '150' float rendering|date=December 19, 2006|website=Orange County Register|language=en-US|access-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref>

In July 2012, [[political protest]]s by Hispanic residents occurred following the [[2012 Anaheim, California police shooting and protests|fatal shooting of two men]], the first of whom was unarmed. Protesting occurred in the area between State College and East Street, and was motivated by concerns over police brutality, gang activity, domination of the city by commercial interests, and a perceived lack of political representation of Hispanic residents in the city government.<ref name=NYT8312>{{cite news|title=Fury Reveals Deep Rifts Near 'Happiest Place on Earth'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/us/anaheim-protests-show-deep-divides-in-class-and-race.html|access-date=August 3, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 2, 2012|author=Jennifer Medina}}</ref><ref name = LAT72512 >{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0726-anaheim-violence-20120726,0,2619070.story|title=Protests reflect deep divisions in Anaheim|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|author1=Nicole Santa Cruz|author2=Christopher Goffard|author-link2=Christopher Goffard|author3=Richard Winton|date=July 25, 2012}}</ref><ref name=DN72412>{{cite news|title=Police Brutality in Anaheim Sparks Outrage After 2 Latinos Shot Dead and Demonstrators Attacked|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2012/7/24/police_brutality_in_anaheim_sparks_outrage|access-date=August 3, 2012|newspaper=Democracy Now!|date=July 24, 2012}}</ref> The protests were accompanied by looting of businesses and homes.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=New York Times | title=Anaheim Cracks Down as Police Shootings Set Off Protests | date=July 25, 2012 | last=Medina | first=Jennifer | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/26/us/after-night-of-protest-and-arrests-anaheim-vows-to-crack-down.html | access-date=December 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | newspaper=USA Today | title=24 arrested at police protests in Anaheim, Calif. | date=July 25, 2012 | url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-07-25/Anaheim-police-protests/56470926/1 | access-date=December 28, 2015}}</ref>