Editing American robin (section)

===Subspecies===
Seven [[subspecies]] are accepted.<ref name="IOC">{{cite web | title=Thrushes | website=IOC World Bird List – Version 14.2 | date=2024-08-17 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/thrushes/ | access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref> These, except for the isolated ''T. m. confinis'', [[Intergradation|intergrade]] with each other and are only weakly defined.<ref name= Clement >{{cite book |title=Thrushes (Helm Identification Guides) |last=Clement |first=Peter |author2=Hathway, Ren |author3= Wilczur, Jan |publisher=Christopher Helm Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=0-7136-3940-7}}</ref>

* ''T. m. nigrideus'' breeds from coastal northern Quebec to Labrador and [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and winters from southern Newfoundland south through most of the eastern U.S. states to southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, and northern Georgia. It is uniformly darker or blackish on the head, with a dark gray back. The underparts are slightly richer red than those of the nominate subspecies.<ref name = Clement/>
* ''T. m. migratorius'', the nominate subspecies, breeds in the U.S. and Canada, other than down the West Coast, to the edge of the [[tundra]] from Alaska and northern Canada east to New England and then south to Maryland, northwestern Virginia, and North Carolina. It winters in southern coastal Alaska, southern Canada, most of the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas and eastern Mexico.<ref name = Clement/>
* ''T. m. achrusterus'' breeds from southern Oklahoma east to Maryland and western Virginia and south to northern Florida and the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast states]]. It winters through much of the southern part of the breeding range. It is marginally smaller than the eastern subspecies. The black feathers of the forehead and crown have pale gray tips. The underparts are paler than those of the eastern subspecies.<ref name = Clement/>
* ''T. m. caurinus'' breeds in southeastern Alaska through coastal British Columbia to Washington and northwestern Oregon. It winters from southwestern British Columbia south to central and southern California and east to northern Idaho. It is slightly smaller than the eastern subspecies and very dark-headed. The white on the tips of the outer two tail feathers is restricted.<ref name = Clement/>
* ''T. m. propinquus'' breeds from southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south to southern California and northern [[Baja California]]. It winters throughout much of the southern breeding range and south to Baja California. It is the same size as, or slightly larger than, the eastern subspecies, but paler and tinged more heavily brownish-gray. It has very little white on the tip of the outermost tail feathers. Some birds, probably females, lack almost any red below. Males are usually darker and may show pale or whitish sides to the head.<ref name = Clement/>
* ''T. m. phillipsi'' is resident in Mexico south to central [[Oaxaca]]. It is slightly smaller than the western subspecies, but has a larger bill; the male's underparts are less brick-red than the eastern subspecies and have a rustier tone.<ref name = Clement/>
* ''T. m. confinis'' breeds above {{cvt|1000|m}} in the [[Sierra de la Laguna]] mountains of southern Baja California. This isolated [[bird migration|non-migratory]] subspecies is particularly distinctive. It is relatively small, and the palest subspecies, with uniform pale gray-brown on the head, face, and upperparts, and pale buffy orange underparts. It usually lacks any white spots to the tips of the outer tail feathers, which have white edges. It has sometimes been classed as a separate species,<ref name="BLI">{{cite web | title=Sierra de La Laguna (Mexico) IBA | website=BirdLife International | url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-de-la-laguna-iba-mexico/text | language=es | access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref> but both the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] and the IOC World Bird List regard it as only a subspecies, albeit in a different group from the other six subspecies.<ref name=AOU>{{cite web|title=The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds |edition=Seventh |url=http://www.aou.org/checklist/pdf/AOUchecklistPass-Mimidae.pdf |publisher=AOU |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210193627/http://www.aou.org/checklist/pdf/AOUchecklistPass-Mimidae.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="IOC"/>