Editing Aircraft hijacking (section)

=== 1929–1957 ===
Between 1929 and 1957, there were fewer than 20 incidents of reported hijackings worldwide; several occurred in [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=A profile of the global airline industry |last=Gourdin, Kent N. |isbn=978-1606495551 |edition= |location=New York |oclc=935736423|year=2015 }}</ref>

One of the first unconfirmed hijackings occurred in December 1929. J. Howard "Doc" DeCelles was flying a postal route for a Mexican firm, Transportes Aeras Transcontinentales, ferrying mail from [[San Luis Potosí]] to [[Torreón|Torreon]] and then on to [[Guadalajara]]. [[Saturnino Cedillo]], the governor of the state of San Luis Potosí, ordered him to divert. Several other men were also involved, and through an interpreter, DeCelles had no choice but to comply. He was allegedly held captive for several hours under armed guard before being released.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Violence in the Skies: A History of Aircraft Hijacking and Bombing|last=Baum|first=Philip|publisher=Summersdale Publishers LTD|year=2016|isbn=978-1783727902|pages=5}}</ref>

[[File:Sécurité Aérienne Afrique.JPG|thumb|Warning posters in a Central African airport, 2012]]

The first recorded aircraft hijack took place on February 21, 1931, in [[Arequipa]], Peru. Byron Richards, flying a [[Ford Tri-Motor]], was approached on the ground by armed revolutionaries. He refused to fly them anywhere during a 10-day standoff. Richards was informed that the revolution was successful and he could be freed in return for flying one of the men to [[Lima]].<ref>30 years later Richards was again the victim of a failed hijacking attempt. A father and son boarded his [[Continental Airlines]] [[Boeing 707]] in [[El Paso, Texas]] and tried to force him at gunpoint to fly the plane to [[Cuba]] hoping for a cash reward from [[Fidel Castro]]. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents and police chased the plane down the runway and shot out its tires, averting the hijacking. See {{cite web |url=http://www.airdisaster.com/features/hijack/hijack.shtml |title=Feature: Hijack Part 1 |website=airdisaster.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070724125115/http://www.airdisaster.com/features/hijack/hijack.shtml |archive-date=2007-07-24 }}</ref>

The following year, in September 1932, a [[Sikorsky S-38]] with registration P-BDAD, registered to [[Panair do Brasil|Nyrba do Brasil]], was seized in the company's hangar by three men, who took a hostage. Despite having no flying experience, they managed to take off. However, the aircraft crashed in [[São João de Meriti]], killing the four men. Apparently, the hijack was related to the events of the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]] in São Paulo; it is considered to be the first hijack that took place in Brazil.{{citation needed paragraph|date=June 2021}}

On October 28, 1939, the first murder on a plane took place in [[Brookfield, Missouri]], US. The victim was Carl Bivens, a [[flight instructor]], who was teaching a man named Earnest P. "Larry" Pletch. While airborne in a [[Taylor Cub]] [[monoplane]], Pletch shot Bivens twice in the back of the head. Pletch later told prosecutors, "Carl was telling me I had a natural ability and I should follow that line", adding, "I had a revolver in my pocket and without saying a word to him, I took it out of my overalls and I fired a bullet into the back of his head. He never knew what struck him." The ''[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]'' stated it was one of the most spectacular crimes of the 20th century. Pletch pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison. However, he was released on March 1, 1957, after serving 17 years, and lived until June 2001.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/murderous-story-americas-first-hijacking-180956152/ |title=The Murderous Story of America's First Hijacking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807171224/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/murderous-story-americas-first-hijacking-180956152/ |archive-date=2015-08-07 |first=Mike |last=Dash |work=Smithsonian Magazine |date=5 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.magbloom.com/PDF/bloom20/Bloom_20_Killer.pdf |title=The Killer Who Fell From the Sky |website=magbloom.com |access-date=2011-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628144121/http://magbloom.com/PDF/bloom20/Bloom_20_Killer.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1942 near Malta, two New Zealanders, a South African, and an Englishman achieved the first confirmed in-air hijack when they overpowered their captors aboard an Italian seaplane that was flying them to a [[prisoner-of-war camp]]. As they approached an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] base, they were strafed by [[Supermarine Spitfire]]s unaware of the aircraft's true operators and forced to land on the water. However, all on board survived to be picked up by a British boat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvuQQaQLDPQ |title=World's First Air Hijack – Allied Aircrew's Daring 1942 Escape |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2019-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221093841/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvuQQaQLDPQ&gl=US&hl=en&has_verified=1&bpctr=9999999999 |archive-date=2019-12-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/43/a2040643.shtml |title=The World's First Air Hijack! |work=BBC.com |date=November 14, 2003}}</ref>

In the years following [[World War II]], Philip Baum, an [[Airport security|aviation security]] expert, suggested that the development of a rebellious youth "piggybacking on to any cause which challenged the status quo or acted in support of those deemed oppressed" may have been a contributor to attacks against the aviation field.<ref name=":0" /> The first hijacking of a commercial flight occurred on the [[Cathay Pacific]] ''[[Miss Macao]]'' on July 16, 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--The-First-Commercial-Flight-is-Hijacked.html |title=On This Day: First Commercial Flight Hijacked |date=16 July 2010 |access-date=24 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103075904/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--The-First-Commercial-Flight-is-Hijacked.html |archive-date=3 January 2012 }}</ref> After this incident and others in the 1950s, airlines recommended that flight crews comply with the hijackers' demands rather than risk a violent confrontation.<ref name=":0" /> There were also various hijacking incidents and assaults on planes in [[China]] and the Middle East.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Israel and state-sponsored terrorism#1954 forced landing of Syrian civilian aircraft|forced landing by the Israeli Air Force of a Syrian Airlines plane]] in December 1954 has been described by multiple writers as a state-sponsored hijacking.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rokach |first=Livia |title=Israel's Sacred Terrorism |date=1980 |publisher=Association of Arab-American University Graduates |location=Belmont, MA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Kameel B. |title=Arab and Israeli Terrorism: The Causes and Effects of Political Violence, 1936-1993 |date=1997 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-0280-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |title=Pirates and Emperors, Old and New: International Terrorism in the Real World |date=2015-03-23 |publisher=Haymarket Books |isbn=978-1-60846-442-5 |pages=86}}</ref>

On 23 July 1956, in the [[Hungarian People's Republic]], seven passengers hijacked a domestic flight of [[Malév Hungarian Airlines]], a [[Lisunov Li-2]] (registration HA-LIG), to escape from behind the [[Iron Curtain]], and flew it to [[West Germany]]. The aircraft landed safely at Ingolstadt Air Base without injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Lisunov Li-2T HA-LIG Ingolstadt Air Base |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19560713-1 |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>

An aircraft belonging to the airline [[Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano|Lloyd Aereo Boliviano]] was hijacked in [[Bolivia]] on September 26, 1956. The [[Douglas DC-4|DC-4]] was carrying 47 prisoners who were being transported from [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra|Santa Cruz, Bolivia]], to El Alto, in [[La Paz Department (Bolivia)|La Paz]]. A political group was waiting to take them to a concentration camp located in Carahuara de Carangas, [[Oruro, Bolivia|Oruro]]. The 47 prisoners overpowered the crew and gained control of the aircraft while airborne and diverted the plane to [[Tartagal, Argentina]]. Prisoners took control of the aircraft and received instructions to again fly to [[Salta|Salta, Argentina]], as the airfield in Tartagal was not big enough. Upon landing, they told the government of the [[injustice]] they were subjected to, and received [[political asylum]].

On October 22, 1956, [[French hijacking of Moroccan plane|French forces hijacked a Moroccan airplane]] carrying leaders of the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] (FLN) during the ongoing [[Algerian War]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Essemlali |first=Mounya |date=2011 |title=Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ri.146.0077 |journal=Relations Internationales |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=77–93 |doi=10.3917/ri.146.0077 |issn=0335-2013}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Yabiladi.com |title=22 October 1956 : Ben Bella, King Mohammed V and the story of the re-routed plane |url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/70157/october-1956-bella-king-mohammed.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=en.yabiladi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Essa |date=2020-10-22 |title=أكتوبر في تاريخ المغرب أحداث وأهوال {{!}} المعطي منجب |url=https://www.alquds.co.uk/أكتوبر-في-تاريخ-المغرب-أحداث-وأهوال/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=القدس العربي |language=ar}}</ref> The plane, which was carrying [[Ahmed Ben Bella]], [[Hocine Aït Ahmed]], and [[Mohamed Boudiaf]], was destined to leave from [[Palma de Mallorca]] for [[Tunis]] where the FLN leaders were to conference with Prime Minister [[Habib Bourguiba]], but French forces redirected the flight to occupied [[Algiers]], where the FLN leaders were arrested.<ref name=":02" />