Editing Ahmad Shah Massoud (section)

==1975 rebellion in Panjshir==
{{main|1975 Panjshir Valley uprising}}
In 1973, former Prime Minister [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] was brought to power in a [[1973 Afghan coup|coup d'état]] backed by the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]], and the [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973—1978)|Republic of Afghanistan]] was established. These developments gave rise to an [[Islamist]] movement opposed to the increasing [[communist]] and Soviet influence over Afghanistan.<ref name="Roy Gutman2">{{Cite book |last=Roy Gutman |title=How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan |publisher=Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC. |edition=1st ed., 2008 |page=34}}</ref> During that time, while studying at [[Kabul University]], Massoud became involved with the [[Muslim Youth]] (Sazman-i Jawanan-i Musulman), the student branch of the [[Jamiat-e Islami]] (Islamic Society), whose chairman then was the professor [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]. [[Kabul University]] was a center for political debate and activism during that time.<ref name="Akbarzadeh & Yasmeen3">{{Cite book |author1=Shahram Akbarzadeh |title=Islam And the West: Reflections from Australia |author2=Samina Yasmeen |publisher=University of New South Wales Press |year=2005 |pages=81–82}}</ref>

Infuriated by the arrogance of his [[Communism|communist]] peers and [[Russians|Russian]] professors, a physical altercation between Massoud and his Russian professor led Massoud to walk out of the university, and shortly after, [[Kabul]]. Two days later, Massoud and a number of fellow militant students traveled to [[Pakistan]] where, goaded by another trainee of the [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]], [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar|Gulbaddin Hekmatyar]], Massoud agreed to take part in a coup against [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Daoud]] with his forces rising up in the [[Panjshir Province|Panjshir]] and Hekmatyar's elsewhere.<ref name="Akbarzadeh & Yasmeen3"/> In July 1975, Massoud, with help from the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Pakistani intelligence]], led the [[1975 Panjshir Valley uprising|first rebellion]] of Panjshir residents against the government of Daoud Khan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ansar |first1=Massoud |date=9 September 2018 |title=Furious Kabul Residents Slam Govt Over Massoud Day Mayhem |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/furious-kabul-residents-slam-govt-over-massoud-day-mayhem |website=TOLOnews |language=en}}</ref> While the uprising in the [[Panjshir Valley|Panjshir]] saw initial success, even taking the military garrison in [[Rokha District|Rokha]], the promised support from Kabul never came and the rebellion was suppressed by [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Daoud Khan]]'s forces sending Massoud back into [[Pakistan]] (after a day hiding in Jangalak) where he would attend a secret, [[paramilitary]] [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] training center in [[Cherat]].<ref name=":02" /> Dissatisfied, Massoud left the center and returned to [[Peshawar]] where he committed himself to personal [[Military science|military studies]]. Massoud read [[Mao Zedong|Mao Tse-tung]]'s writings on the [[Long March]], of [[Che Guevara]]'s career, the memoirs of [[Charles de Gaulle|General de Gaulle]], [[Võ Nguyên Giáp|General Võ Nguyên Giáp]], [[Sun Tzu]]'s [[The Art of War|Art of War]], and an unnamed handbook on [[counterterrorism]] by an American general which Massoud called "the most instructive of all".<ref name=":02" /><ref name="Akbarzadeh & Yasmeen3"/>

After this failure, a "profound and long-lasting schism" within the Islamist movement began to emerge.<ref name="Roy Gutman2" /> The Islamic Society split between supporters of the more moderate forces around Massoud and [[Mohammad Rabbani|Rabbani]], who led the [[Jamiat-e Islami|Jamiat-i Islami]], and more radical Islamist elements surrounding [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]], who founded the [[Hezb-i Islami]].<ref name="Akbarzadeh & Yasmeen3"/> The conflict reached such a point that [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar|Hekmatyar]] reportedly tried to kill Massoud, then 22 years old.<ref name="Grad2"/><ref name="Roy Gutman2" />