Editing Afyonkarahisar (section)

==History==
{{further|Afyonkarahisar Castle}}
[[File:AfyonkarahisarMuseum (20).JPG|left|thumb|Statue of Zeus at Afyonkarahisar Archaeological Museum in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey]]
[[File:An old house mansion.jpg|left|thumb|An old mansion in the historic part of Afyonkarahisar]]
[[File:Sultan_Dîvânî_Mevlevî_Türbe_Camii,_2019_(4).jpg|left|thumb|[[Sultan Divani Tomb Mevlevi Mosque]] in Afyonkarahisar]]

===Ancient times===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
The top of the rock in Afyon has been fortified for a long time. It was known to the [[Hittites]] as '''Hapanuwa''', and was later occupied by [[Phrygians]], [[Lydians]] and [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persians]] until it was conquered by [[Alexander the Great]]. After the death of Alexander the city (now known as '''Akroinοn''' (Ακροϊνόν) or '''Nikopolis''' (Νικόπολις) in [[Ancient Greek]]), was ruled by the [[Seleucids]] and the kings of [[Pergamon]], then [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]].

===Medieval period===
Akroinοn became an important fortress in the [[Armeniac Theme|Armeniakon theme]] due to its strategic location and natural defences and was first mentioned in Byzantine history when it was attacked in 716 and 732 by [[Arab–Byzantine wars|Arab invaders]].<ref name="oxford">{{ODB|last=Kazhdan|first=Alexander|last2=Cutler|first2=Anthony|title=Akroinon|page=48}}</ref> The [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine emperor]] [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]] renamed the city '''Nicopolis''' (Greek for "city of victory") after his [[Battle of Akroinon|victory]] over [[Arab]] besiegers under [[Abdallah al-Battal]] (who would become the famous Turkish literature figure of [[Battal Gazi]]) in 740.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Afium-kara-hissar|volume=1|pages=319–320}}</ref> Since the 10th century it was also a bishopric of [[Phrygia Salutaris]].<ref name="oxford" />

After 1071 the town became part of the frontier zone between the Byzantine Empire and the invading Turks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pitcher |first1=Donald Edgar |title=An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire from Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century |date=1972 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004038288 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> 
The city was still held by the former in 1112 but was lost to the [[Sultanate of Rum]] at some time before 1146 when [[Manuel I Komnenos]] won a victory here.<ref name="oxford" /><ref name="Matthews">{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Roger |title=Ancient Anatolia Fifty Years' Work by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara |date=1990 |publisher=British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara |isbn=9780995465695 |pages=309–311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wElHDwAAQBAJ |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> The Turks were unable to firmly control the city until around 1210,<ref name="Matthews" /> renaming it to '''Kara Hissar''' ("black castle") after the ancient fortress situated upon a volcanic rock 201&nbsp;meters above the town. Following the dispersal of the Seljuqs the town was occupied by the [[Sâhib Ata]] and then the [[Germiyanids]].

The castle was finally conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan [[Beyazid I]] in 1392 but was lost after the invasion of [[Timur Lenk]] in 1402. It was recaptured in 1428 or 1429.

===Modern times===

From its situation on the route of the [[caravan (travellers)|caravans]] between [[Smyrna]] and western Asia on the one hand and places such as [[Armenia]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] on the other, the city became a place of extensive trade.<ref name="EB1911"/> It thrived during the Ottoman Empire as the centre of opium production, with Afyon becoming a wealthy city. From 1867 until 1922, Afyon was part of the [[Hüdavendigâr vilayet]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1902, a fire burning for 32 hours destroyed parts of the city.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest intelligence - Turkish town burnt |date=1 September 1902 |page=4 |issue=36861}}</ref>
[[File:Afyonkarahisar_evleri,_2019_13.jpg|thumb|[[Ottoman architecture]] in Afyonkarahisar]]
During the First World War, British prisoners of war who had been captured at Gallipoli were housed here in an empty Armenian church at the foot of the rock. During the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)]] campaign (part of the [[Turkish War of Independence]])  Afyon and the surrounding hills were occupied by Greek forces. However, it was recovered on 27 August 1922, a key moment in the Turkish counter-attack in the Aegean region. After 1923 Afyon became a part of the Republic of Turkey.

The region was a major producer of raw opium (hence the name ''Afyon'') until the late 1960s when under international pressure, from the US in particular, the fields were burnt and production ceased.  Now poppies are grown under a strict licensing regimen.  They do not produce raw opium any more but derive morphine and other opiates using the [[poppy straw]] method of extraction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fco-stage.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf20/fco_adidu_licitcultivation |title=Archived copy |website=fco-stage.fco.gov.uk |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902004159/https://fco-stage.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf20/fco_adidu_licitcultivation |archive-date=2 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Afyon was depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the Turkish 50 [[Turkish lira|lira]] banknote of 1927–1938.<ref>[http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ |date=2009-06-15 }}. Banknote Museum: [http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/18.htm 1. Emission Group - Fifty Turkish Lira - I. Series] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305073133/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/18.htm |date=March 5, 2009 }}. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.</ref>