Editing Affricate (section)

==Notation==
Affricates are transcribed in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] by a combination of two letters, one for the stop element and the other for the fricative element. In order to show that these are parts of a single consonant, a [[Tie (typography)|tie bar]] is generally used. The tie bar appears most commonly above the two letters, but may be placed under them if it fits better there, or simply because it is more legible.<ref>For example, in {{Cite journal |last1=Niesler |first1=Thomas |last2=Louw |first2=Philippa |last3=Roux |first3=Justus |date=November 2005 |title=Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/16073610509486401 |journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=459–474 |doi=10.2989/16073610509486401 |s2cid=7138676 |issn=1607-3614}}</ref> Thus:
:{{angbr IPA|p͡f b͡v, p͡ɸ b͡β, t͡s d͡z, t͡ɬ d͡ɮ, t͡ʃ d͡ʒ, t͡ᶘ d͡ᶚ, t͡ɕ d͡ʑ, ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ{{hair space}}, k͡x ɡ͡ɣ, q͡χ ɢ͡ʁ}}
or
:{{angbr IPA|p͜f b͜v, p͜ɸ b͜β, t͜s d͜z, t͜ɬ d͜ɮ, t͜ʃ d͜ʒ, t͜ɕ d͜ʑ, ʈ͜ʂ ɖ͜ʐ{{hair space}}, k͜x ɡ͜χ, q͜χ ɢ͜ʁ}}.

A less common notation indicates the release of the affricate with a superscript:
:{{angbr IPA|pᶠ bᵛ, pᶲ bᵝ, tˢ dᶻ, t𐞛 d𐞞, tᶴ dᶾ, t𝿣 d𝿧[pending in Unicode 17], tᶝ dᶽ, tᶳ dᶼ, kˣ ɡˠ, qᵡ ɢʶ}}
This is derived from the IPA convention of indicating other releases with a superscript. However, this convention is more typically used for a fricated release that is too brief to be considered a true affricate.

Though they are no longer standard IPA, ligatures are available in [[Unicode]] for the sibilant affricates, which remain in common use:
:{{angbr IPA|[[wikt:ʦ|ʦ]] [[wikt:ʣ|ʣ]], [[wikt:ʧ|ʧ]] [[wikt:ʤ|ʤ]], [[wikt:𝼜|𝼜]] [[wikt:𝼙|𝼙]], [[wikt:ʨ|ʨ]] [[wikt:ʥ|ʥ]], [[wikt:ꭧ|ꭧ]] [[wikt:ꭦ|ꭦ]] }}.{{NoteTag|[[John Laver]] created the para-IPA letters {{angbr IPA|&thinsp;ᶘ ᶚ}} for the not-quite retroflex fricatives of Polish ''sz'' and ''ż''; the affricates {{angbr IPA|𝼜 𝼙}} are Polish ''cz'' and ''dż''.}}

Approved for Unicode 18 in 2026, per request from the IPA, are the remaining coronal affricates:<ref>[https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html Unicode pipeline]: [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24051-affricate-ligatures.pdf L2/24-051]</ref>
:{{angbr IPA|[[file:IPA Unicode 1xDF24.svg|&#x1DF24;|20px|link=wikt:&#x1DF24;]][[file:IPA Unicode 1xDF1F.svg|&#x1DF1F;|20px|link=wikt:&#x1DF1F;]], [[file:IPA Unicode 1xDF22.svg|&#x1DF22;|20px|link=wikt:&#x1DF22;]][[file:IPA Unicode 1xDF20.svg|&#x1DF20;|20px|link=wikt:&#x1DF20;]], [[file:IPA Unicode 1xDF23.svg|&#x1DF23;|20px|link=wikt:&#x1DF23;]][[file:IPA Unicode 1xDF21.svg|&#x1DF21;|20px|link=wikt:&#x1DF21;]], [[file:IPA Unicode 1xDF2C.svg|&#x1DF2C;|20px|link=wikt:&#x1DF2C;]][[file:IPA Unicode 1xDF2B.svg|&#x1DF2B;|20px|link=wikt:&#x1DF2B;]]}} for {{IPA|[t͜θ] [d͜ð], [t͜ɬ] [d͡ɮ], [t͡ꞎ] [d͡𝼅], [t͜ʆ] [d͡ʓ]}}.

Ligatures {{angbr IPA|[[file:p-f affricate ligature.svg|20px]][[file:b-v affricate ligature.svg|20px]], [[file:p-phi affricate ligature.svg|20px]][[file:b-beta affricate ligature.svg|20px]], [[file:c-ç affricate ligature.svg|20px]][[file:turned f - j tail affricate ligature.svg|20px]], [[file:k-x affricate ligature.svg|20px]][[file:g-gamma affricate ligature.svg|20px]]/[[file:g-gamma affricate ligature (alt).svg|20px]], [[file:q-chi affricate ligature.svg|20px]][[file:G-R affricate ligature.svg|20px]]}} for the non-coronal affricates {{IPA|[pɸ] [bβ], [pf] [bv], [cç] [ɟʝ], [kx] [ɡɣ]/[gɣ], [qχ] [ɢʁ]}} are recognized in China.<ref>[http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/ziliao/A19/200602/W020220517310669055657.pdf The Universal Phonetic Symbol Set in China [中国通用音标符号集]. Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Language and Writing Standards no. GF 3007-2006.</ref>

Any of these notations can be used to distinguish an affricate from a sequence of a plosive plus a fricative, which is contrastive in languages such as Polish. However, in languages where there is no such distinction within a syllable, such as English or Turkish, a simple sequence of letters such as {{angbr IPA|tʃ}} is commonly used, with no overt indication that they form an affricate. in such cases the syllable boundary may be written to distinguish the plosive-fricative sequence in ''petshop'' {{IPA|/ˈpɛt.ʃɒp/}} from the similar affricate in ''ketchup'' {{IPA|/ˈkɛtʃʌp/}}.

In other phonetic transcription systems, such as the [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist]] system, affricates may be transcribed with single letters. The affricate {{IPA|[t͜s]}} may be transcribed as {{angbr|c}} or {{angbr|¢}}; {{IPA|[d͜z]}} as {{angbr|j}}, {{angbr|ƶ}} or (older) {{angbr|ʒ}}; {{IPA|[t͜ʃ]}} as {{angbr|c}} or {{angbr|č}}; {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} as {{angbr|ǰ}}, {{angbr|ǧ}} or (older) {{angbr|ǯ}}; {{IPA|[t͜ɬ]}} as {{angbr|ƛ}}; and {{IPA|[d͡ɮ]}} as {{angbr|λ}}.

This also happens with phonemic transcription in IPA: {{IPA|[tʃ]}} and {{IPA|[dʒ]}} are sometimes transcribed with the symbols for the palatal stops, {{angbr IPA|c}} and {{angbr IPA|ɟ}}, for example in the IPA ''Handbook''.