Editing Adult (section)

==Legal adulthood==
{{Main|Age of majority}}

Legally, ''adulthood'' typically means that one has reached the age of majority – when parents lose parental rights and responsibilities regarding the person concerned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Vivian |title=Adulthood in Law and Culture |publisher=Faculty Publications. |year=2016 |location=College of William & Mary Law School |pages=55–97}}</ref> Depending on one's [[jurisdiction]], the age of majority may or may not be set independently of and should not be confused with the minimum ages applicable to other activities, such as engaging in a [[contract]], [[marriage]], [[voting]], having a [[employment|job]], serving in the [[military]], buying/possessing [[firearm]]s, [[driving]], traveling abroad, involvement with [[alcoholic beverages]], [[Tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[Human sexual activity|sexual activity]], [[gambling]], being a model or actor in [[pornography]], running for [[President (government title)|president]], etc. Admission of a young person to a place may be restricted because of danger for that person, concern that the place may lead the person to immoral behavior, or because of the risk that the young person causes damage (for example, at an exhibition of fragile items).

One can distinguish the legality of acts of a young person, or of enabling a young person to carry out that act, by selling, renting out, showing, permitting entrance, allowing participation, etc. There may be distinction between commercially and socially enabling. Sometimes there is the requirement of supervision by a [[legal guardian]], or just by an adult. Sometimes there is no requirement, but rather a recommendation.

Using the example of [[pornography]], one can distinguish between:
* being allowed inside an adult establishment
* being allowed to purchase pornography
* being allowed to possess pornography
* another person being allowed to sell, rent out, or show the young person pornography, see [[disseminating pornography to a minor]]
* being a [[pornographic actor]]: rules for the young person, and for other people, regarding production, possession, etc. (see [[child pornography]])

With regard to films with violence, etc.:
* another person being allowed to sell, rent out, or show the young person a film; a cinema being allowed to let a young person enter

The age of majority ranges internationally from ages 15 to 21, with 18 being the most common age. [[Nigeria]], [[Mali]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] and [[Cameroon]] define adulthood at age 15, but marriage of girls at an earlier age is common.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spooner |first=Samantha |date=July 14, 2014 |title=Legal ages of marriage across Africa: Even when it's 18, they are married off at 12! |url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-07-14-legal-ages-of-marriage-across-africa  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070858/http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-07-14-legal-ages-of-marriage-across-africa |archive-date=January 24, 2018 |website=Mail & Guardian Africa }}</ref>

In most of the world, the [[legal]] adult age is 18 for most purposes, with some notable exceptions:

# The legal age of adulthood in [[British Columbia]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Nunavut]], and [[Yukon]] in [[Canada]] is 19 (though there are some exceptions in which Canadians may be considered legal adults in certain situations like [[sexual consent]], which is age 16, and [[criminal law]], federal elections and the military, which is at 18);<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellemare |first=Steven |date=July 2008 |title=Age of consent for sexual activity in Canada |journal=Paediatrics & Child Health |volume=13 |issue=6 |page=475 |doi=10.1093/pch/13.6.475 |pmc=2532909 |pmid=19436429 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B. A. |first=Political Science |title=What Does Age of Majority Mean in Canada? |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/age-of-majority-in-canada-510008 |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108045725/https://www.thoughtco.com/age-of-majority-in-canada-510008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
#The legal age of adulthood in [[Nebraska]] and [[Alabama]] in the [[United States]] is 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Age of Majority by State as of 2020 |url=https://www.policygenius.com/retirement/age-of-majority-by-state/ |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=Policygenius |language=en |archive-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207220904/https://www.policygenius.com/retirement/age-of-majority-by-state/  }}</ref>
#The legal age of adulthood in [[South Korea]] is 19.
# The legal age of adulthood in [[Mississippi]] and [[Puerto Rico]] in the U.S. and [[Bahrain]] is 21.

Prior to the 1970s, young people were not classed as adults until 21 in most western nations. For example, in the United States, young citizens could not vote in many elections until 21 until July 1971 when the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|26th Amendment]] passed mandating that the right to vote cannot be abridged for anyone 18 or older. The voting age was lowered in response to the fact that young men between the ages of 18 and 21 were drafted into the army to fight in the Vietnam War, hence the popular slogan "old enough to fight, old enough to vote" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Birnbaum |first=Gemma R. |title="Old Enough to Fight, Old Enough to Vote": The WWII Roots of the 26th Amendment |date=28 October 2020 |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/voting-age-26th-amendment |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613050349/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/voting-age-26th-amendment |url-status=live }}</ref>

Young people under 21 in the US could also not purchase alcohol, purchase handguns, sign a binding contract, or marry without permission from parents. After the voting age was lowered, many states also moved to lower the drinking age (with most states having a minimum age of 18 or 19) and also to lower the age of legal majority (adulthood) to 18. However, there are legal activities where 18 is not the default age of adulthood. There are still some exceptions where 21 (or even higher) is still the benchmark for certain rights or responsibilities. For example, in the US the Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibits those under 21 from purchasing a handgun from a federally licensed dealer (although federal law makes an exception for individuals between the ages of 18 and 20 to obtain one from a private dealer if state law permits.) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statute 82 Page 1213-2 PDF file |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-82/pdf/STATUTE-82-Pg1213-2.pdf |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515103902/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-82/pdf/STATUTE-82-Pg1213-2.pdf |url-status=live }}{{full citation needed|date=June 2021}}</ref>

As of July 1984, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act mandated that all states raise their respective drinking ages to 21 to create a uniform standard for legally purchasing, drinking, or publicly possessing alcohol with exceptions made for consumption only in private residences under parental supervision and permission. This was done in response to reducing the number of drunk driving fatalities prevalent among young drivers. States that choose not to comply can lose up to 10% of highway funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1984 National Minimum Drinking Age Act &#124; APIS - Alcohol Policy Information System |url=https://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/the-1984-national-minimum-drinking-age-act |website=alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613050745/https://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/the-1984-national-minimum-drinking-age-act |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Credit CARD Act of 2009|Credit Card Act of 2009]] imposed tougher safeguards for young adults between the ages of 18 and 20 obtaining a credit card. Young adults under the age of 21 must either have a co-signer 21 or older or show proof (usually a source of income) that they can repay their credit card balance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeMatteo |first=Megan |date=22 July 2020 |title=My first unsecured credit card came with a $20,000 limit—here's why that is rare today |url=https://www.cnbc.com/select/card-act-protections-for-young-people/ |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613075716/https://www.cnbc.com/select/card-act-protections-for-young-people/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Unless that requirement is met, one must wait until 21 to be approved for a credit card on their own.

The [[Affordable Care Act|Affordable Care Act of 2010]] expands the age that young adults can remain on their parent's [[health insurance]] plan up to age 26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Adults and the Affordable Care Act: Protecting Young Adults and Eliminating Burdens on Families and Businesses &#124; CMS |url=https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Files/adult_child_fact_sheet |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613194817/https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Files/adult_child_fact_sheet |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{as of|2019|December|}}, the federal government raised the legal age to purchase tobacco and vaping products from 18 to 21.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=22 February 2021 |title=Tobacco 21 |url=https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/retail-sales-tobacco-products/tobacco-21 |journal=FDA |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622161350/https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/retail-sales-tobacco-products/tobacco-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> In states where recreational marijuana is legalized, the default age is also 21, though those younger may be able to obtain medical marijuana prescriptions or cards upon seeing a physician.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2018 |title=What is the Age Limit of Medical Cannabis in California? |url=https://americancannabisconsulting.com/california-medial-cannabis-age-limit/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613052219/https://americancannabisconsulting.com/california-medial-cannabis-age-limit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Gambling]] also varies from 18 to 21 depending on the state and many [[Car rental|rental car]] companies do not rent cars to those under 21 and have [[Surcharge (payment systems)|surcharges]] for drivers under 25 (although this is not codified, and is company policy).

In Quebec, Canada the Quebec legislature in 2020 raised the age one could purchase recreational marijuana from 18 to 21 stepping out of line with most of the country that set a minimum age of 19 (except Alberta, which is 18.) The Quebec government cited the risk that marijuana poses to the brain development of people under 21 as justification for the age raise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindeman |first=Tracey |date=30 October 2019 |title=Quebec raises legal consumption age for cannabis to 21 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/30/quebec-cannabis-legal-age-21 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524064107/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/30/quebec-cannabis-legal-age-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2021, the state of Washington in a 5–4 decision, justices in the Supreme Court of the State of Washington tossed the life without parole sentences of a 19-year-old and a 20-year-old convicted in separate cases of [[First-degree murder|first-degree]] aggravated murder decades ago, saying, as with juveniles, the court must first consider the age of those under 21 before sentencing them to die behind bars. This comes at a time where there are ongoing debates about whether those between 18 and 20 should be exempted from the death penalty.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2021 |title=Mandatory life without parole prohibited for young WA adults |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/crime/article249861893.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613194824/https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/crime/article249861893.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Michaels |first=Andrew |date=9 June 2016 |title=A Decent Proposal: Exempting Eighteen- to Twenty-Year-Olds from the Death Penalty |url=https://socialchangenyu.com/review/a-decent-proposal-exempting-eighteen-to-twenty-year-olds-from-the-death-penalty/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613195154/https://socialchangenyu.com/review/a-decent-proposal-exempting-eighteen-to-twenty-year-olds-from-the-death-penalty/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kentucky Trial Judge Rules Death Penalty Unconstitutional for Offenders Younger Than Age 21 |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/kentucky-trial-judge-rules-death-penalty-unconstitutional-for-offenders-younger-than-age-21#:~:text=A%20Kentucky%20trial%20court%20has,were%20younger%20than%20age%2021.&text=The%20decision%20extends%20the%20U.S.%20Supreme%20Court's%202005%20ruling%20in%20Roper%20v. |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613195156/https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/kentucky-trial-judge-rules-death-penalty-unconstitutional-for-offenders-younger-than-age-21#:~:text=A%20Kentucky%20trial%20court%20has,were%20younger%20than%20age%2021.&text=The%20decision%20extends%20the%20U.S.%20Supreme%20Court's%202005%20ruling%20in%20Roper%20v. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Should 18- to 21-year-olds be eligible for execution? |date=19 September 2019 |url=https://www.wpsdlocal6.com/news/should-18--to-21-year-olds-be-eligible-for-execution/article_14d28bc2-db18-11e9-9b36-2be43bde91a3.html |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613195154/https://www.wpsdlocal6.com/news/should-18--to-21-year-olds-be-eligible-for-execution/article_14d28bc2-db18-11e9-9b36-2be43bde91a3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Germany, courts largely sentence defendants under the age of 21 according to [[juvenile law]] in a bid to help them reintegrate into society and mete out punishments that fit the crime as well as the offender.

In May 2021, the state of Texas raised the age that one can be an exotic dancer and work and patronize [[sexually oriented business]]es from 18 to 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |title=Texas bill aims to crack down on human trafficking |url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/texas/texas-bill-crack-down-human-trafficking/285-17725873-40f7-491e-910a-06dceb9f3c2b |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613194815/https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/texas/texas-bill-crack-down-human-trafficking/285-17725873-40f7-491e-910a-06dceb9f3c2b |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the UK, there have been many proposals to raise the age that one can buy tobacco from 18 to 21 in an attempt to curb teen and young adult use to get to a "smoke-free" UK by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Raise age for sale of cigarettes to 21 and stop 'tobacco epidemic', say UK MPS |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jun/09/uk-smoking-raise-age-cigarettes-sale-to-21-mps |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613194824/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jun/09/uk-smoking-raise-age-cigarettes-sale-to-21-mps |url-status=live }}</ref>
All of these laws made over the years reflect the growing awareness that young adults, while not children, are still in a transitional stage between adolescence and full adulthood and that there should be policy adjustments or restrictions where necessary, especially where it pertains to activities that carry certain degrees of risk or harm to themselves or others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arain |first1=Mariam |last2=Haque |first2=Maliha |last3=Johal |first3=Lina |last4=Mathur |first4=Puja |last5=Nel |first5=Wynand |last6=Rais |first6=Afsha |last7=Sandhu |first7=Ranbir |last8=Sharma |first8=Sushil |year=2013 |title=Maturation of the adolescent brain |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=9 |pages=449–461 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S39776 |pmc=3621648 |pmid=23579318 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

At the same time, however, even though the generally accepted age of majority is 18<ref>{{Cite web |title=age of majority |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/age_of_majority |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> in most nations, there are rights or privileges afforded to adolescents who have not yet reached legal adulthood. In the United States, youth are able to get a part-time job at 14 provided they have a work permit. At 16, one is able to obtain a driver's permit or license depending on state laws and is able to work most jobs (except ones requiring heavy machinery) and consent to sexual activity (depending on the state). At 17, one is able to enlist in the armed forces with parental consent although they cannot be deployed to be in combat roles until age 18.

The voting age for local elections in most American cities is 18. But in five localities nationwide — four of which are in Maryland — 16 and 17-year-olds are eligible to vote. The cities are Takoma Park, Riverdale, Greenbelt, and Hyattsville.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niel |first=Clara |date=October 2020 |title=Takoma Park is one of five cities where minors can vote. And young voters are turning out |url=https://dbknews.com/2020/10/01/takoma-park-young-voters-greenbelt-montgomery-county-riverdale-park/ |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510104801/https://dbknews.com/2020/10/01/takoma-park-young-voters-greenbelt-montgomery-county-riverdale-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, students 16 or older in Oakland, California gained the right to vote in school board elections. There is a growing movement to lower the voting age in the US and many other countries from 18 to 16 in hopes of engaging the youth vote and encouraging greater electoral participation. Some countries already have a voting age of 16 which include Austria, Scotland, Argentina, Brazil, Wales, Cuba, and Ecuador.

In Germany, one can purchase beer and wine at the age of 16 although they cannot purchase spirits or hard liquor until 18. The age of consent in Germany is 14 if both partners are under 18. Sexual activity with a person under 18 is punishable if the adult is a person of authority over the minor in upbringing, education, care, or employment.