Editing Adolf Anderssen (section)

==Chess career==

===First steps===
{{stack|
{{Chess diagram small
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 |{{hidden |ta1=left |fw1=normal |White to mate in four moves |{{em|Solution:}} 1.Bh5 Kxh5 2.Kg7 h6 3.Kf6 Kh4 4.Kg6{{chessAN|#}}}}
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|{{AN chess|pos=egright}}
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Anderssen first came to the attention of the chess world when he published ''Aufgabe für Schachspieler'' ("Task for chess players"), a collection of 60 [[chess problem]]s, in 1842.<ref name="WallProfileAnderssen" /><ref name="Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames"/> He continued to publish problems for many years, both in magazines and as a second collection in 1852.<ref name="WeeninkChessProblem">{{cite book | author=Weenink, H.G.M. |editor1=Hume, G. |editor2=White, A.C. | title=The Chess Problem | year=1926 }}</ref><ref name="Howard1970PioneerComposers">{{cite book | title=Classic Chess Problems by Pioneer Composers | author=Howard, K.S. | publisher=Courier Dover | year=1970 | isbn=0-486-22522-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzNBButOy3oC&q=%22Classic+Chess+Problems+by+Pioneer+Composers%22+howard   | access-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> These brought him to the attention of the "[[Berlin Pleiades]]" group, which included some of the strongest players of the time, and he played matches against some of them.<ref name="Spinrad2006Bledow" /> Anderssen's development as a player was relatively slow, largely because he could spare neither the time nor the money to play many matches against strong players. Nevertheless, by 1846 he was able to put up a good fight against another Pleiades member, [[Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa]], who may have been the world's strongest player at the time.<ref name="Diggle2006vonDerLasa">{{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/baron.pdf | author=Diggle, G.H. | title=The Baron | publisher=chesscafe.com  | access-date=17 June 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080626153454/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/baron.pdf| archive-date= 26 June 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> In 1846, he became the editor of the magazine ''Schachzeitung der Berliner Schachgesellschaft'' (later called ''[[Deutsche Schachzeitung]]'') when its founder [[Ludwig Bledow]], one of the Berlin Pleiades, died. Anderssen held this post until 1865.<ref name="sympaticoChessPeriodicals">{{cite web|url=http://www3.sympatico.ca/g.giffen/periodicals.htm |title=Chess Periodicals |access-date=17 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221207/http://www3.sympatico.ca/g.giffen/periodicals.htm |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref>

===London 1851===
[[Image:Howard-Staunton-ILN-detail-1.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.80|left|[[Howard Staunton]] was the principal organiser of the [[London 1851 chess tournament|1851 London International Tournament]], and offered to pay Anderssen's travel expenses, should he fail to win.]]
In 1848, Anderssen drew a match with the professional player [[Daniel Harrwitz]].<ref name="storiascacchiMatchesTo1849" /> On the basis of this match and his general chess reputation, he was invited to represent German chess at the [[London 1851 chess tournament|first international chess tournament]], to be held in London in 1851. Anderssen was reluctant to accept the invitation, as he was deterred by the travel costs. However, the tournament's principal organizer, [[Howard Staunton]], offered to pay Anderssen's travel expenses out of his own pocket if necessary, should Anderssen fail to win a tournament prize. Anderssen accepted this generous offer.<ref name="batgirlAnderssen">{{cite web | url=http://batgirl.atspace.com/Anderssen.html | title=Morphy's opponents: Adolf Anderssen | access-date=17 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511165040/http://batgirl.atspace.com/Anderssen.html | archive-date=11 May 2008 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Anderssen's preparations for the 1851 London International Tournament produced a surge in his playing strength: he played over 100 games in early 1851 against strong opponents including [[Carl Mayet]], [[Ernst Falkbeer]], [[Max Lange]] and [[Jean Dufresne]].<ref name="Diggle2006vonDerLasa" />  The 1851 International Tournament was a [[Single-elimination tournament|knock-out]] event in which pairs of competitors played short matches, and Anderssen won it by beating [[Lionel Kieseritzky]], [[József Szén]], Staunton and [[Marmaduke Wyvill (chess player)|Marmaduke Wyvill]] – by margins of at least two games in every case.<ref name="WeeksLondon1851" /> His prize was two-thirds of the total prize fund of £500, i.e. about £335;<ref name="StauntonLondon1851">{{cite book | title=The Chess Tournament | author=[[Howard Staunton|Staunton, H.]] | date=April 2003 | publisher=Hardinge Simpole | isbn=1-84382-089-7}} can be viewed online at or downloaded as PDF from [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__SUCAAAAYAAJ <!-- quote=1851 london tournament book staunton. --> Internet Archive]</ref> that is equivalent to about £240,000 ($370,200) in 2006's money.<ref>Conversion based on average incomes, which are the most appropriate measure for several days' hard work. If we use average prices for the conversion, the result is about £27,000. {{cite web | url=http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=DEFIND&use%5B%5D=WAGE&use%5B%5D=GDPCP&use%5B%5D=GDPC&year_early=1851&pound71=335&shilling71=0&pence71=0&amount=335&year_source=1851&year_result=2008 | access-date=17 June 2008 | title=Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound Amount, 1830–2006: 2006 equivalent of £335 in 1851 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429030933/http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=DEFIND&use%5B%5D=WAGE&use%5B%5D=GDPCP&use%5B%5D=GDPC&year_early=1851&pound71=335&shilling71=0&pence71=0&amount=335&year_source=1851&year_result=2008 | archive-date=29 April 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref> When Anderssen and Szén found they were to play each other, they agreed that, if either won the tournament, the other would receive one-third of the prize; this does not appear to have been considered in any way unethical.<ref name="StauntonLondon1851" />

Although most chess books regard [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] as the first true world champion,<ref name="Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames">{{cite book | author=Fine, R. | title=The World's Great Chess Games | year=1976
 | publisher=Dover|pages=14–17}}</ref> one of the organizers of the [[London 1851 chess tournament|1851 London International Tournament]] had said the contest was for "the baton of the World's Chess Champion".<ref name="Spinrad2006EarlyWorldRankings">{{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/spinrad06.pdf | title=Early World Rankings | year=2006 | author=Spinrad, J.P. | publisher=chesscafe.com | access-date=17 June 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080625170732/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/spinrad06.pdf| archive-date= 25 June 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> In fact Anderssen was not described as "the world champion", but the tournament established Anderssen as the world's leading chess player.<ref name="Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames" /> The London Chess Club, which had fallen out with Staunton and his colleagues, organised a tournament that was played a month later and included several players who had competed in the International Tournament. The result was the same – Anderssen won.<ref name="storiascacchiTorneiAl1879" />

===Morphy match, 1858===
[[Image:PaulmorphyHair.jpg|thumb | right | 150px | [[Paul Morphy]] defeated all opposition in 1858.]]
Opportunities for tournament play remained rare, and Anderssen was reluctant to travel far because of the expense.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} <!-- previously this was cited in Fine's book, but I don't see it there -- User:Adpete --> In his one recorded tournament between 1851 and 1862, a one-game-per-round [[Single-elimination tournament|knock-out tournament]] at [[Manchester]] in 1857, he was eliminated in the second round.<ref name="storiascacchiTorneiAl1879" />  Then in late 1858, he was beaten 8–3 by the American champion [[Paul Morphy]] in a famous match held in Paris, France (two wins, two [[draw (chess)|draws]], seven losses).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/v$m$$mix.htm | title=Morphy Matches| access-date=17 June 2008 }} from Mark Weeks' Chess Pages</ref> Although Anderssen knew as well as anyone how to attack, Morphy understood much better when to attack and how to prepare an attack. Morphy had recently scored equally convincing wins in matches against other top-class players: [[Johann Löwenthal]], the Rev. [[John Owen (chess player)|John Owen]] and [[Daniel Harrwitz]].<ref name="FineMorphy">{{cite book | author=Fine, R. | title=The World's Great Chess Games | year=1976 | publisher=Dover|page=21}}</ref> Morphy returned to the United States in 1859, however, and soon afterwards announced his retirement from serious chess, making Anderssen once again the strongest active player.<ref name="Draper1963DoesAgeAffectMasterChess" />

Anderssen played the curious opening move 1.a3 in three games of his match against Morphy, and broke even with it (one loss, one draw, one win).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1019039 | title=Anderssen vs Morphy, Paris 1858, game 6 | access-date=17 June 2008 }} {{cite web | url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1019043 | title=Anderssen vs Morphy, Paris 1858, game 8 | access-date=17 June 2008 }} {{cite web | url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1019048 | title=Anderssen vs Morphy, Paris 1858, game 10 | access-date=17 June 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080712205707/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1019048| archive-date= 12 July 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> This opening move, now referred to as [[Anderssen's Opening]], has never been popular in serious competition.<ref name="Schiller2002UnorthodoxOpenings">{{cite book | author=[[Eric Schiller]] | year=2002 | edition=Second | title=Unorthodox Chess Openings | publisher=Cardoza | isbn=1-58042-072-9 }}</ref>

===Other games 1851–1862===
Shortly after the 1851 London International Tournament, Anderssen played his two most famous games, both {{chessgloss|friendly game|casual}} encounters which he won by [[combination (chess)|combinations]] that involved several [[Sacrifice (chess)|sacrifices]]. In the first, as White against [[Lionel Kieseritzky]] in London on 21 June 1851, just after the International Tournament (1851) and now called the "[[Immortal Game]]", he sacrificed a bishop, both rooks and finally his queen.<ref name="chessgamesImmortal Game">{{cite web | url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1018910 | title=Adolf Anderssen vs Lionel Kieseritzky, 1851, King's Gambit Accepted – The "Immortal Game"  | access-date=17 June 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080607235504/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1018910| archive-date= 7 June 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> In the second, played in Berlin in 1852 as White against [[Jean Dufresne]] and now called the "[[Evergreen Game]]", the total sacrifice was more modest, but still exceeded a [[queen (chess)|queen]] and a [[minor piece]].<ref name="chessgamesEvergreenGame">{{cite web | url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1018961 | title=Adolf Anderssen vs Jean Dufresne, Berlin 1852, Evans Gambit – The "Evergreen Game"  | access-date=17 June 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080714034402/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1018961| archive-date= 14 July 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

After the match with Morphy, Anderssen played two matches against [[Ignác Kolisch]], one of the leading players of the time, who later became a wealthy banker and patron of chess.<ref name="chessmetricsProfileKolisch">{{cite web | url=http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S067035000000111000000000016610100  | access-date=17 June 2008 | title=Chessmetrics Player Profile: Ignatz Kolisch }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | last1=Singer | first1=Isidore | author1-link=Isidore Singer | last2=Porter | first2=A. | year=1901–1906 | encyclopedia=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] | contribution=Kolisch, Baron Ignaz Von | contribution-url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=343&letter=K | volume=7 | page=547}}</ref> Anderssen drew their match in 1860 and narrowly won in 1861 (5/9; won four, drew two, lost three; Kolisch was ahead at the half-way stage).<ref name="storiascacchiMatches1850To1864" />

===London 1862===
Anderssen won the [[London 1862 chess tournament]], the first international [[round-robin tournament]] (in which each participant plays a game against each of the others) with a score of twelve wins out of thirteen games. He lost only one game, to the Rev. [[John Owen (chess player)|John Owen]],<ref name="chessmetricsProfileJohnOwen">A very strong player who had a long career; 1862 was his most successful year: {{cite web | url=http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S003629000000111000000000001310100 | title=Chessmetrics Player Profile: John Owen  | access-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> and finished two&nbsp;points ahead of [[Louis Paulsen]], who had the best playing record in the early 1860s.<ref name="WeeksLondon1862" /><ref name="chessmetricsProfileLouisPaulsen">{{cite web | url=http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S098485000000111000000000023610100 | title=Chessmetrics Player Profile: Louis Paulsen  | access-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> Morphy had retired from chess at this time, so Anderssen was again generally regarded as the world's leading active player.<ref name="Draper1963DoesAgeAffectMasterChess">{{cite journal 
| title=Does Age Affect Master Chess? | author=Draper, N.R. 
| journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 
| volume=126 | issue=1 | year=1963| pages=120–127 
| jstor=2982450 
| doi=10.2307/2982450 
}}</ref>

Shortly after the tournament, he played a match against tournament runner-up Paulsen, ending in a draw (3 wins, 3 losses, 2 draws).<ref>[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/w2ap$mix.htm World Chess Championship : 1862 Anderssen vs. Paulsen]</ref> In 1864, he drew another match (3 wins, 3 losses, and 2 draws) against [[Berthold Suhle]],<ref name="storiascacchiMatches1850To1864" /> who was a strong player and respected chess writer.<ref>In collaboration with [[Gustav Neumann]], see the "Lehrbücher" ("textbooks") section of {{cite web | url=http://www.ballo.de/1844-1945,_b.htm | title=Schachliteratur 1844–1945 | access-date=17 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121220422/http://www.ballo.de/1844-1945,_b.htm | archive-date=21 January 2008 | url-status=dead }} [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] respected their work, see his review of Wormald's "''The Chess Openings''" quoted at {{cite web | url=http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter15.html | title=Chess Notes Archive 15 | author=Winter, E. | access-date=17 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509083517/http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter15.html | archive-date=9 May 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Steinitz match, 1866===
[[Image:Steinitz1866.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Wilhelm Steinitz]] in 1866]]

In 1866, Anderssen lost a close match with 30-year-old [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] (six wins, eight losses, and no draws; Steinitz won the last two games).<ref name="Matches1865To1879" /> Although Steinitz is now known for inventing the {{chessgloss|positional play|positional}} approach to chess and demonstrating its superiority, the 1866 match was played in the attack-at-all-costs style of the 1850s and 1860s.<ref name="SilmanSteinitz">{{cite web
 |title=Wilhelm Steinitz 
 |url=http://www.jeremysilman.com/chess_history/grt_plyr_w_steinitz.html 
 |author=Silman, J. 
 |publisher=Jeremy Silman 
 |access-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619024745/http://www.jeremysilman.com/chess_history/grt_plyr_w_steinitz.html 
 |archive-date=19 June 2008 |url-status=dead 
}} Has several examples of Steinitz testing his theories in top-class play.</ref> This is generally seen as the point at which Steinitz succeeded Anderssen as the world's leading active player. Although ideas of a contest for the world championship had been floating around since the 1840s,<ref name="Spinrad2006EarlyWorldRankings" /> the 1866 Anderssen–Steinitz match was not defined as being for the world championship, and many were opposed to the claim of such a title while Morphy was retired from chess and still alive.  Furthermore, Anderssen remained dominant both in top tournaments and in personal matches against Zukertort until 1871.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Centenary Match, Kasparov–Karpov III | author=[[Raymond Keene]] and David Goodman | year=1986| pages=1–2 }}</ref>

===1866–1879===
By this time tournaments were becoming more frequent, and the round-robin format was adopted.  At the same time, Anderssen, after losing the match to Morphy in 1858 and to Steinitz in 1866, rededicated himself to chess, particularly studying both [[Chess endgame|endgames]] and positional play.  The result was that Anderssen, in his early fifties, was playing the finest chess of his career.  As a result, Anderssen compiled a very successful tournament record in the late stages of his career: five first places, two second places, two third places; and a sixth place in the final year of his life, when his health was failing.<ref name="storiascacchiTorneiAl1879" /><ref name="endgameNLWorldExhibitions" /> One of his first places was ahead of Steinitz, [[Gustav Neumann]], [[Joseph Henry Blackburne]], [[Louis Paulsen]] and several other very strong players at the [[Baden-Baden 1870 chess tournament]]. In terms of the number of leading players present, this could be regarded as one of the top 20 tournaments ever.<ref name="sympaticoStrongest Tournaments">{{cite web|url=http://www3.sympatico.ca/g.giffen/tournaments.htm |title=The Strongest Tournaments in Chess History |access-date=17 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502142528/http://www3.sympatico.ca/g.giffen/tournaments.htm |archive-date=2 May 2007 }}</ref><ref name="chessmetricsFormulas">{{cite web | url=http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/Formulas.asp?Params=199510SS0SS3S000000000000111000000000000010100#ClassExplanation | title=Formulas | access-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> One of Anderssen's third places was at the strong [[Vienna 1873 chess tournament|Vienna 1873 tournament]], when he was 55. About half of Anderssen's tournament successes came at championships of the different regional German Chess Federations; but these were open to all nationalities, and most of them had a few top&nbsp;ten or even top&nbsp;five competitors.<ref name="storiascacchiTorneiAl1879" /> Anderssen usually beat Zukertort in matches, but his dominance came to an end in 1871.

The Leipzig 1877 tournament was organised in his honour and named the "Anderssen-Feier" (Anderssen Celebration);<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OZjIENcRpNUC&q=Anderssen-Feier&pg=PR5 "Anderssen-Feier", Deutsche Schachzeitung, 1877]</ref> Anderssen finished second in the tournament behind Louis Paulsen.

Still at Leipzig, Anderssen lost a match against tournament winner Louis Paulsen (three wins, one draw, and five losses). Matches were Anderssen's relative weakness; his only match win in this period was in 1868, against the 26-year-old [[Johann Zukertort]] (eight wins, one draw, and three losses).<ref name="Matches1865To1879" />