Editing Active transport (section)

== History ==
In 1848, the [[Germany|German]] physiologist [[Emil du Bois-Reymond]] suggested the possibility of active transport of substances across membranes.<ref>Du Bois-Reymond, E. (1848–84). ''Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität'' Berlin: Reimer. (Vol. 1, Part 1, 1848; Vol. 1, Part 2, 1849; Vol. 2, Part 1, 1860; Vol. 2, Part 2, 1884).</ref>

In 1926, [[Dennis Robert Hoagland]] investigated the ability of [[plant]]s to absorb [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]] against a [[concentration]] gradient and discovered the dependence of [[Plant nutrition|nutrient]] absorption and [[Xylem|translocation]] on [[Metabolism|metabolic energy]] using innovative [[model organism|model systems]] under controlled experimental conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hoagland | first1 = D R | last2 = Hibbard | first2 = P L |last3 = Davis | first3 = A R| year = 1926  |title = The influence of light, temperature, and other conditions on the ability of ''Nitella'' cells to concentrate halogens in the cell sap | journal = J. Gen. Physiol. | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 121–126 | doi=10.1085/jgp.10.1.121| pmid = 19872303 | pmc = 2140878 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Rosenberg (1948) formulated the concept of active transport based on energetic considerations,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rosenberg | first1 = T | year = 1948 | title = On accumulation and active transport in biological systems. I. Thermodynamic considerations | journal = Acta Chem. Scand. | volume = 2 | pages = 14–33 | doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.02-0014| doi-access = free }}</ref> but later it would be redefined.

In 1997, [[Jens Christian Skou]], a Danish [[physician]]<ref name="Jens C 2014">"Jens C. Skou - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 11 Nov 2017</ref> received the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his research regarding the [[sodium-potassium pump]].<ref name="Jens C 2014"/>

One category of cotransporters that is especially prominent in research regarding [[diabetes]] treatment<ref>Inzucchi, Silvio E et al. "SGLT-2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk: Proposed Pathways and Review of Ongoing Outcome Trials." Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research 12.2 (2015): 90–100. PMC. Web. 11 Nov. 2017</ref> is sodium-glucose cotransporters. These transporters were discovered by scientists at the National Health Institute.<ref name="niddk.nih.gov">Story of Discovery: SGLT2 Inhibitors: Harnessing the Kidneys to Help Treat Diabetes." National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.niddk.nih.gov/news/research-updates/Pages/story-discovery-SGLT2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes.aspx.</ref> These scientists had noticed a discrepancy in the absorption of glucose at different points in the kidney tubule of a rat. The gene was then discovered for intestinal glucose transport protein and linked to these membrane sodium glucose cotransport systems. The first of these membrane transport proteins was named [[SLC5A1|SGLT1]] followed by the discovery of [[SGLT2]].<ref name="niddk.nih.gov"/> [[Robert K. Crane#Discovery of cotransport|Robert Krane]] also played a prominent role in this field.