Editing 9th millennium BC (section)

==Population and communities==
As the Neolithic began in the Fertile Crescent, most people around the world still lived in scattered [[hunter-gatherer]] communities which remained firmly in the [[Palaeolithic]]. The [[World population estimates|world population]] was probably stable and slowly increasing. It has been estimated that there were some five million people in 10,000 BC growing to forty million by 5000 BC and 100 million by 1600 BC. That is an average growth rate of 0.027% per annum from the beginning of the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age.<ref name="JNB">{{cite journal |last1=Biraben |first1=Jean-Noël |year=1979 |title=Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes |journal=Population |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=13–25|doi=10.2307/1531855|jstor=1531855 }}</ref>

===Near East===
From the beginning of the 9th millennium, [[Göbekli Tepe]] was inhabited after possibly being first occupied during the previous millennium.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Oliver Dietrich |author2=Çigdem Köksal-Schmidt |author3=Jens Notroff |author4=Klaus Schmidt |title=Establishing a Radiocarbon Sequence for Göbekli Tepe. State of Research and New Data |journal=NEO-LITHICS 1/13 the Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research |date=2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4386577}}</ref> It is a carved stone hilltop sanctuary in south-eastern [[Anatolia]] which includes the world's oldest known [[megaliths]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gobekli-tepe-the-worlds-first-temple-83613665/ |title=Gobekli Tepe: The World's First Temple? |last=Curry |first=Andrew |date=November 2008 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> As with Göbekli Tepe, the site at [[Tell Qaramel]], in north-west [[Syria]], was inhabited from 9000 BC following possible first occupation in the previous millennium.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/3532/3047|title=Tell Qaramel 1999–2007. Protoneolithic and early Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement in Northern Syria.|publisher=Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw|year=2012|isbn=978-83-90379-63-0|editor1-last=Mazurowski|editor1-first=Ryszard F.|series=PCMA Excavation Series 2|location=Warsaw, Poland|editor2-last=Kanjou|editor2-first=Youssef}}</ref> In the same region, the settlement at [[Nevalı Çori]] has been dated about 8500 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tobolczyk |first1=Marta |title=The World's Oldest Temples in Göbekli Tepe and Nevalı Çori, Turkey in the Light of Studies in Ontogenesis of Architecture |journal=Procedia Engineering |date=2016 |volume=161 |pages=1398–1404 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.600 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Elsewhere in the Fertile Crescent, there is evidence of settlements at [[Mureybet]] and [[Ganj Dareh]] from around 8500 BC. Towards the end of the millennium, by 8200 BC, the site of [[Aşıklı Höyük]] in central Anatolia was first occupied (until around 7400 BC).<ref>Thissen, L. 2002. Appendix I, "The CANeW 14C databases, Anatolia 10,000-5000 cal. BC". In "The Neolithic of Central Anatolia. Internal developments and external relations during the 9th–6th millennia cal BC", ''Proc. Int. CANeW Round Table'', Istanbul 23–24 November 2001, edited by F. Gérard and L. Thissen. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları.</ref>

===Europe===
It is believed that European sites settled before 8500 were still Palaeolithic, or at best [[Mesolithic]], communities. At [[Star Carr]] in North Yorkshire, the results of [[radiocarbon]] analysis in 2018 indicate that occupation first commenced between 9335 and 9275&nbsp;BC, lasting for a period of around 800 years until 8525–8440&nbsp;BC, although such occupations may have been episodic in nature, varying in intensity between different periods.{{sfn|Milner|Conneller|Taylor|2018|pp=225–244}} Archaeological excavations at [[Cramond]] in [[prehistoric Scotland]] have uncovered evidence of habitation dating to around 8500 BC.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1352091.stm |title=Nuts give clue to 'oldest' Scots site |work=BBC News |date=26 May 2001 |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> Another settlement may have been established at [[Ærø]] in [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aeroeisland.com/aero_history.php |title=Aeroe History |publisher=Aeroe Island |date=11 November 2015 |access-date=27 May 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929153930/http://www.aeroeisland.com/aero_history.php |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

===Japan===
In Japan, the [[Jōmon]] culture had probably been established by small communities on the Pacific side of [[Honshu]] by this time. The word means "cord-pattern", referring to the distinctive pottery of the period. As there was no potter's wheel, the clay was prepared in the shape of a rope and manually coiled upwards to create a vessel that was baked in an open fire. At first, the vessels were simple bowls and jars but later became artistic. Proposed dates for the start of the Jomon are wildly variable, ranging from the Ice Ages to as late as c. 4500. It is generally accepted that the period ended c. 300 BC when it was superseded by the [[Yayoi period|Yayoi culture]].<ref name="perri2016">{{cite journal |doi=10.15184/aqy.2016.115 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F1469BF53172B3C30B7E9B5F9B67C701/S0003598X16001150a.pdf/hunting-dogs-as-environmental-adaptations-in-jomon-japan.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F1469BF53172B3C30B7E9B5F9B67C701/S0003598X16001150a.pdf/hunting-dogs-as-environmental-adaptations-in-jomon-japan.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jomon Japan |journal=Antiquity |volume=90 |issue=353 |pages=1166–1180 |year=2016 |last1=Perri |first1=Angela R.|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Americas===
In North America, the Paleo-Indian [[Clovis culture]] is believed to have ended around 8800 BC having fathered numerous local variants. One of these was the [[Folsom tradition|Folsom complex]] which was centred in the [[Great Plains]] and is dated from c.9000 to c.8000 BC. The people were hunter-gatherers who hunted the now-extinct ''[[Bison antiquus]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Folsom-complex |title=Folsom complex |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |location=Edinburgh |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref>

In [[Patagonia]], the Fell's Tradition prevailed through the millennium at [[Cueva Fell]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roosevelt |first=Anna C. |title=Travels and Archaeology In South Chile |journal=The Latin American Anthropology Review |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=72–74 |year=1990 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |doi=10.1525/jlca.1990.2.2.72}}</ref> Another Paleo-Indian site in the region is the Las Cuevas Canyon near [[Los Toldos (Santa Cruz)]] where rock art has been found.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity/article/nuevos-datos-sobre-las-pinturas-rupestres-de-los-toldos-santa-cruz-argentina-bases-para-un-enfoque-comparativo-en-patagonia-meridional/61C331AF1D4318734A2574411470493D |url-access=subscription |first1=Natalia M. |last1=Carden |first2=Laura L. |last2=Miotti |first3=Rocío V. |last3=Blanco |title=New data on the rock paintings of Los Toldos |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=29 |issue=2 |date=June 2018 |pages=293–310 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |access-date=23 July 2020|doi=10.1017/laq.2017.83|s2cid=165615499 |hdl=11336/88211 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In Central America, remains of three prehistoric human fossils have been discovered since 2006 in the cave system at [[Chan Hol]] in [[Quintana Roo]], Mexico. All have been dated to around the 9th millennium.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stinnesbeck |first1=Wolfgang |display-authors=etal |title=New evidence for an early settlement of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico: The Chan Hol 3 woman and her meaning for the Peopling of the Americas |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |date=5 February 2020 |pages=e0227984 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0227984 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7001910 |pmid=32023279|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1527984S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Early warfare===
Evidence of a precursor to warfare has been found at [[Nataruk]] in Kenya. Remains of at least 27 individuals have been found and dated to 7550–8550 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00280836&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA440918913&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|title=Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya|first1=M. Mirazon|last1=Lahr|first2=F.|last2=Rivera|first3=R. K.|last3=Power|first4=A.|last4=Mounier|first5=B.|last5=Copsey|first6=F.|last6=Crivellaro|first7=J. E.|last7=Edung|first8=J. M. Maillo|last8=Fernandez|first9=C.|last9=Kiarie|first10=J.|last10=Lawrence|first11=A.|last11=Leakey|first12=E.|last12=Mbua|first13=H.|last13=Miller|first14=A.|last14=Muigai|first15=D. M.|last15=Mukhongo|first16=A. Van|last16=Baelen|first17=R.|last17=Wood|first18=J.-L.|last18=Schwenninger|first19=R.|last19=Gran|first20=H.|last20=Achyuthan|first21=A.|last21=Wilshaw|first22=R. A.|last22=Foley|date=21 January 2016|journal=Nature|volume=529|issue=7586|pages=394–411|doi=10.1038/nature16477 |pmid=26791728 |bibcode=2016Natur.529..394L |accessdate=26 March 2023|via=go.gale.com}}</ref> The condition of the skeletons indicates that a massacre took place as hands were bound and skulls were smashed by blunt force. Communities in Africa at the time would have been nomadic hunter-gatherers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ancient-brutal-massacre-may-be-earliest-evidence-war-180957884/ |last=Handwerk |first=Brian |title=An Ancient, Brutal Massacre May Be the Earliest Evidence of War |work=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington, DC |date=20 January 2016 |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref>