Editing 634 (section)

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[Arab–Byzantine wars#Arab conquest of Roman Syria: 634–638|Arab–Byzantine War]]: Emperor [[Heraclius]], ill, infirm, and unpopular with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], is unable to personally lead the [[Byzantine army]] to resist the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]]. He sends his brother [[Theodore (brother of Heraclius)|Theodore]] to assemble forces to retake the newly won Muslim territories. [[Monophysitism|Monophysites]] and Jews throughout Syria welcome the Arab invaders, as they are discontented with Byzantine rule.
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ajnadayn]]: Byzantine forces (90,000 men according to Muslim sources) under Theodore are defeated by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] near [[Beit Shemesh]] (modern-day [[Israel]]). Heraclius, who is in [[Homs|Emesa]], flees to [[Antioch]] upon hearing news of the battle's outcome.

==== Europe ====
* King [[Dagobert I]] is forced by the Austrasian [[Nobility|nobles]] to put his 3-year-old son [[Sigebert III]] on the throne, ceding royal power in [[Austrasia]]. He frees himself from dependence on [[Pepin of Landen]], and extends his rule over the [[Bretons]] (approximate date).

==== Britain ====
* [[Eanfrith of Bernicia]] and his bodyguard are killed by King [[Cadwallon ap Cadfan|Cadwallon of Gwynedd]], in an attempt to negotiate peace.{{sfn|Bede Book III|loc=[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book3.html Chapter&nbsp;I]}} Eanfrith's brother [[Oswald of Northumbria|Oswald]] returns from 18 years exile in [[Dál Riata]] (modern Scotland), to claim the crown of [[Northumbria]]. 
* [[Battle of Heavenfield]]: Oswald, possibly accompanied by a force of [[Scottish people|Scots]] (or [[Picts]]), defeats and kills Cadwallon with a [[Celtic Britons|Welsh]] army near [[Hexham]] (northern England). He reunites [[Deira]] with [[Bernicia]], and becomes king of Northumbria.

==== Persia ====
* [[Battle of the Bridge]]: Persian forces (10,000 men) under [[Bahman Jadhuyih]] defeat the Muslim Arabs at the [[Euphrates]] (near [[Kufa]]). The sight of [[Persian war elephants|elephant]]s panics the Muslims, and many are killed. Bahman does not pursue the fleeing Arab army.<ref>Richard Nelson Frye, ''The Cambridge History of Iran: The periode from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs'', p. 9. Cambridge University Press (1975)</ref>

==== Arabia ====
* [[Battle of Firaz]]: The Rashidun Arabs (15,000 men) under [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] defeat the combined forces of the [[Byzantine Empire]], [[Sasanian Empire|Persian Empire]] and [[Arab Christians]] (at least 10 times larger than Khalid's army) in [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]]).{{sfn|Akram|1969}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2021|reason=loc param with link to archived web site missing}}
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Battle of Dathin]]: Rashidun forces under [[Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan]] defeat the Christian Arabs around [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. The Muslim victory is celebrated by the local Jews, who have been a persecuted minority within the Byzantine Empire.<ref>Walter E. Kaegi, ''Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests''. Cambridge University Press (1992)</ref> 
* The [[Rashidun Caliphate]] starts the Islamic conquest of the Byzantine Empire, when Muslim forces under [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]] [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|invade the Levant]]. Khalid sets out for Syria from [[Al-Hirah]], taking with him half his army, about 8,000 strong.{{sfn|Akram|1970|p=576}}
* [[Battle of al-Qaryatayn]]: The Muslim Arabs under Khalid defeat the [[Ghassanids]] at [[Al-Qaryatayn]], after the inhabitants resist his proposals. His army conquers and [[Looting|plunders]] the city, before proceeding to capture other towns in the area.<ref>Blankinship, 1993, p. 110</ref>
* [[Battle of Marj Rahit (634)|Battle of Marj Rahit]]: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid defeats the Byzantine forces (15,000 men) and their Ghassanid allies. After the battle he sends a mounted column to the outskirts of [[Damascus]], to plunder the region.{{sfn|Akram|1970}}{{page needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Battle of Bosra]]: Muslim forces under Khalid [[Siege|besiege]] the Byzantine and Christian Arab garrison (12,000 men) at [[Bosra]]. After a few days the fortress city surrenders; Khalid imposes a payment of [[tribute]] on the inhabitants.
* [[August 23]] &ndash; [[Abu Bakr]] dies at [[Medina]] and is succeeded by [[Umar|Umar I]], who becomes the second [[caliph]] (''khalifah'') of the Rashidun Caliphate. During his rule, Umar conquers Syria, [[Iran|Persia]], and [[Diocese of Egypt|Egypt]] in a [[Spread of Islam|"Holy War"]].
* [[September 19]] &ndash; [[Siege of Damascus (634)|Siege of Damascus]]: Muslim Arabs under Khalid conquer Damascus as the first major city of the Byzantine Empire. Damascan refugees are given a guarantee of safety to retreat to Antioch.
* [[Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj]]: A Byzantine convoy of Damascan refugees (10,000 men) is slaughtered by a Muslim army near Antioch. The [[Mobile guard|Mobile Guard]] (elite [[light cavalry]]) captures a great amount of [[brocade]].

==== Asia ====

* The [[Tuyuhun Kingdom]] is invaded by Chinese forces under [[Li Jing (Tang dynasty)|Li Jing]] ([[Tang dynasty]]) during [[Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun]], resulting in the murder of their leader (''[[Khan (title)|khan]]'') [[Murong Fuyun]] in [[635]].
* Tai Zong orders the construction of the [[Daming Palace]] in [[Chang'an]]. He builds the summer palace for his retired father, Emperor [[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Gao Zu]], as an act of [[filial piety]].