Editing 1st millennium BC (section)

==Ancient history==
{{main|Ancient history}}
{{see|Iron Age|Classical Antiquity|Axial Age}}

[[Image:East-Hem 1000bc.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Map of the Eastern Hemisphere in 1000 BC.]]

===Timeline===
[[File:World in 1 CE.png|thumb|300x300px|Map of the world in 1 AD, just after the end of the 1st millennium BC.]]
<!--only give large civilizational events, there is no room to list dynastic details, individual settlements etc.-->
*[[10th century BC]]<!-- 1000 BC to 901 BC-->
**Near East: [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]]
**Near East: [[Shoshenq I]] invades [[Canaan]]
**Aegean: [[Helladic]] period ends
**Sub-Saharan Africa West: [[Nok Culture]] slowly diffuse discernible ceramic sculpting, iron metallurgy and cereal farming cultures through the [[Niger Delta]] region, though debatable possible settling period and or foundation of proto [[Ile-Ife]]
*[[9th century BC]] 
**[[Chavín culture]] in Peru
**[[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Egypt]]: [[872 BC]]: Nile floods the Temple of Luxor
**Egypt: [[836 BC]]: Civil war in Egypt
** South Asia: [[872 BC]]: [[Jainism]] re-organized by [[Parshvanatha]]
** North Africa: [[814 BC]]: [[Carthage]] founded 
**[[Zhou dynasty|China]]: [[841 BC]]–[[828 BC]] [[Gonghe Regency]]
*[[8th century BC]] <!-- from 800 to 701-->
**[[727 BC]]: Egypt: [[Kingdom of Kush|Kushite invasion]] ([[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt|25th Dynasty]])
**[[771 BC]]: China: [[Spring and Autumn period]]
**Near East: [[727 BC]]: Death of [[Tiglath-Pileser III]], [[Babylonia]] secedes from [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyria]]
**Near East: [[722 BC]]: [[Sargon II]] takes [[Samaria]]; [[Assyrian captivity]] of the Israelites.
**Greece: [[Archaic Greece]], [[Greek alphabet]]
**Greece: [[Homer]]
**[[776 BC]]: Greece: First [[Olympiad]]
**[[753 BC]]: Europe: [[foundation of Rome]]
*[[7th century BC]][[File:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal - king riding killing lion.jpg|thumb|Relief of King [[Ashurbanipal]] of [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyria]] hunting a [[Mesopotamian lion]], from the Northern Palace in [[Nineveh]], {{Circa|645}}-635 BC]]
**[[671 BC]]: Assyrian conquest of Egypt
**Near East: [[631 BC]]: Death of [[Ashurbanipal]], decline of the Assyrian Empire
*[[6th century BC]] <!-- from 600 to 501-->
**Egypt: [[592 BC]]: [[Psamtik II]] sacks Napata
**Sudan: [[Aspelta]] moves the Kushite capital to [[Meroe]] 
**Near East: [[539 BC]]: [[Achaemenid]] conquest of Babylon under [[Cyrus the Great]]
**South Asia: [[Śramaṇa]] movement and "second urbanisation"
**South Asia: [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|Early Buddhism]]
**Europe: [[509 BC]]: [[Roman Republic]]
*[[5th century BC]] <!-- from 500 to 401-->
**China: [[479 BC]]: death of [[Confucius]] 
**China: [[476 BC]]: [[Warring States period]]
**China: [[486 BC]]: [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] construction begins
**Near East: [[Second Temple Judaism]], redaction of the [[Hebrew Bible]]
** Greece: beginning of the [[Classical Greece|classical period]] ([[Greece in the 5th century BC]]).
** Greece: [[Greco-Persian Wars]] ([[Battle of Marathon]], [[Battle of Thermopylae]])
** Greece: 440 BC: [[Herodotus]]' ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]''
** Greece: [[431 BC]]: [[Peloponnesian War]]
**Oceania: [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian expansion]] reaches Western Polynesia
*[[4th century BC]] <!-- from 400 to 301-->
**Greece: [[395 BC]]: [[Corinthian War]]
**Egypt: [[343 BC]]: [[Persian Egypt|Achaemenid conquest]][[File:World in 323 BCE.png|thumb|300px|right|Map of the world in 323 BC]]
**Greece/Asia/Egypt: 330s BC: conquests of [[Alexander the Great]], end of the Achaemenid Empire, [[Macedonian Empire]], beginning of the [[Hellenistic period]]
**South Asia: [[Mauryan Empire]]
*[[3rd century BC]] <!-- from 300 to 201-->
**China: [[Qin dynasty|Qin Unified China]]
**China: [[206 BC]]: [[Han dynasty]]
**South Asia: [[261 BC]]: [[Kalinga war]]
**Rome: [[Roman expansion in Italy]]
**Rome/Carthage: [[Punic Wars]]
*** [[264 BC]]: [[First Punic War]]
*** [[218 BC]] [[Second Punic War]]
*[[2nd century BC]] <!-- from 200 to 101-->
**Rome/Carthage: [[149 BC]] [[Third Punic War]], [[Roman province of Africa]][[File:Statue-Augustus (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Augustus|Augustus Caesar]], the first emperor of the [[Roman Empire]]]]
**Rome/Greece: [[146 BC]] [[Battle of Corinth (146 BC)|Battle of Corinth]], beginning of the [[Greece in the Roman era|Roman era]]
**South Asia: [[185 BC]]: Fall of the [[Maurya Empire]]
**China: [[Confucianism]] became the state ideology of China
*[[1st century BC]] <!-- from 100 to 1-->&nbsp;
**China: [[91 BC]]: [[Records of the Grand Historian]] finished
**Rome/Europe: 58–50 BC [[Gallic Wars]] 
**Rome: 32/30 BC: [[Final War of the Roman Republic]] ([[Battle of Actium]])
**Rome/Egypt: 31 BC: Roman conquest of Egypt
**Rome/Europe/West Asia/Africa: 27 BC: [[Roman Empire]]

===Inventions, discoveries, introductions===
{{see|Ancient technology}}
[[File:Placca pantera, da regione di krasnodar, kurgan chertomlyk, oro a sbalzo e cesellato, fine VII sec ac..JPG|thumb|[[Scythian art|Scythian]] gold plaque with panther (late 7th century BC)]]
[[File:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg|thumb|The [[Parthenon]], [[Ancient Athens|Athens]] (5th century BC)]]
[[File:Arte greca, giovane vittorioso, 300-100 ac. 02.JPG|thumb|upright|''The [[Victorious Youth]]'' (c. 310 BC), a preserved bronze statue of a Greek athlete in [[Contrapposto]] pose]]
[[File:The Wrestler (Olmec) by DeLange.jpg|upright|thumb|"[[The Wrestler (sculpture)|The Wrestler]]", an [[Olmec]] era statuette, dated roughly 1400–400&nbsp;BC]]
[[File:Human headed winged bull facing.jpg|thumb|[[Lamassu]] facing forward. Bas-relief from the king [[Sargon II]]'s palace at Dur Sharrukin in [[Assyria]] (now Khorsabad in Iraq), c. 713–716 BC. From Paul-Émile Botta's excavations in 1843–1844.]] 
*8th century BC
** [[Greek alphabet]], the first alphabet with vowels.
*7th century BC
**[[Trireme]]<!--7th century BC--><ref name=who/>
*6th century BC
**[[Diolkos|Paved trackway]]<!--600 BC--><ref name=who>{{cite web |title=Who Built it First |work=Ancient Discoveries |publisher=A&E Television Networks |year=2008 |url=http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&display_order=5&content_type_id=60600&mini_id=52979 |access-date=2009-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429202316/http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&display_order=5&content_type_id=60600&mini_id=52979 |archive-date=2009-04-29 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[Pythagorean theorem]]
**[[Monotheism]]<ref>Although disputed, some scholars see the emergence of monotheism proper in the context of the [[Babylonian exile]], during which the [[Israelites]] adopted aspects of [[Babylonian religion]], resulting in [[Second Temple Judaism]] by 515 BC.
[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBSJNDndGjwC&pg=PA225 No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel]
Also credited with early monotheism is [[Zoroastrianism]], founded at roughly the same time. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism]</ref>
*5th century BC
** [[Blast furnace]] China<ref>{{Harvnb|Temple|1986|pp=}}</ref>
** [[Atomism]]<!--440 BC-->
**[[History of crossbows|Crossbow]]<!--5th century BC--><ref name=who/>
**[[Siege engine]]<!--429 BC--><ref name=who/>
*4th century BC
**[[Pāṇini|formal grammar]]<!-- '''Pāṇini''', fl. 4th century BCE -->
**[[Kyrenia ship]]<!--4th century BC c.350BC--><ref name=who/>
*3rd century BC
**[[Lighthouse of Alexandria]]<!--290 BC--><ref name=who/>
**Malleable [[Cast iron]] China<ref>{{Harvnb|Temple|1986|pp=15}}</ref>
** [[Archimedes' principle]]
** [[Eratosthenes|Spherical Earth]]
** [[Water clock]]<!--245 BC--><ref name=who/>
** [[Qin dynasty|Qin]] built and unified various sections of the [[Great Wall of China]].
** Qin built [[Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor|Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum]] guarded by the life-sized [[Terracotta Army]].
*2nd century BC
**[[Antikythera mechanism]]

<!--inventions
6th c
**South America: Beginning of [[maize|corn]] cultivation in the Amazon flood plain<ref name = americas1000/>
**West Africa: [[Nok culture]] [[Iron metallurgy in Africa|iron smelting]]
**Mesoamerica: [[Olmec]] [[Mesoamerican ballgame|ball courts]]<ref name = americas1000/>
5th c.
**Mesoamerica: Zapotec hierogphyps at [[Monte Albán]]<ref name = americas1000/>
3rd c.

**Mesoamerica: [[Maya script|Mayan hieroglyphics]]
**Mesoamerica: [[Double spout and bridge vessel|double-spout-and-bridge bottle]]<ref name = americas1000/>
-->

===Literature===
{{main|Ancient literature}}
{{see|List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts#First_millennium_BC}}
;Greco-Roman literature
{{main|Greek literature|Latin literature}}
Archaic period
*[[Homer]] (late 8th or early 7th c.), ''[[Iliad]]'', ''[[Odyssey]]''
*[[Hesiod]] (8th to 7th c.), ''[[Theogony]]'' and ''[[Works and Days]]''
*[[Archilochus]] (7th century), Greek poet
*[[Sappho]], (late 7th to early 6th c.), Greek poet
* [[Ibycus]]
* [[Alcaeus of Mytilene]]
* [[Aesop's Fables]]
Classical period
*[[Aeschylus]] (c. 525–455 BC), Greek playwright
*[[Herodotus]] (484–425 BC), ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]''
*[[Euripides]] (c. 480–406 BC), Greek playwright
* [[Xenophon]]: ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]]'', ''[[Cyropaedia (Xenophon)|Cyropaedia]]''
*[[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC), [[corpus Aristotelicum]]
Hellenistic to Roman period
* [[Septuagint]]
* [[Apollonius of Rhodes]]: ''[[Argonautica]]''
* [[Callimachus]] (310/305-240 B.C.), lyric poet
* [[Manetho]]: ''[[Aegyptiaca]]''
* [[Theocritus]], lyric poet
* [[Euclid]]: ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]''
* [[Menander]]: ''[[Dyskolos]]''
* [[Theophrastus]]: ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|Enquiry into Plants]]''
* [[Old Latin]] [[Livius Andronicus]], [[Gnaeus Naevius]], [[Plautus]], [[Quintus Fabius Pictor]], [[Lucius Cincius Alimentus]] 
* Classical Latin: [[Cicero]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Virgil]], [[Lucretius]], [[Livy]], [[Catullus]]

;Chinese literature
{{main|Chinese literature}}
*''[[I Ching]]'' (date unknown, between the 10th and 4th centuries BC)
* ''[[Book of Songs (Chinese)|Classic of Poetry]] (Shījīng)'', ''[[Shujing|Classic of Documents]] (Shūjīng)'' (authentic portions), ''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]] (I Ching)''
* ''[[Spring and Autumn Annals]] (Chūnqiū)'' (722–481 BC, chronicles of the state of [[Lu (state)|Lu]])
* [[Confucius]]: ''[[Analects]] (Lúnyǔ)''
* ''[[Book of Rites|Classic of Rites]] (Lǐjì)''
* ''[[Zuo Zhuan|Commentaries of Zuo]] (Zuǒzhuàn)''
* [[Laozi]] (or Lao Tzu): ''[[Tao Te Ching]]''
* [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]]: ''[[Zhuangzi (book)]]''
* [[Mencius]]: ''[[Mencius (book)|Mencius]]''

;Sanskrit literature
{{main|Sanskrit literature}}
*[[Vedic Sanskrit]]: [[Veda]]s, [[Brahmana]]s
*[[Vedanga]]
*[[Mukhya Upanishads]]
*Early layers of the [[Sanskrit epics]] (c. 3rd century BC to 4th century AD)

;Hebrew 
{{main|Ancient Hebrew writings|Hebrew Bible}}
* c. 8th to 7th c.: the [[Book of Nahum]], [[Book of Hosea]], [[Book of Amos]], [[Book of Isaiah]]
* c. 6th c.: [[Psalms]]
* c. 5th century: redaction of the [[Torah]]
* 3rd century: [[Ecclesiastes]]
* 2nd century: [[Book of Wisdom]]

;Avestan
* ''[[Yasht]]'', [[Avesta]], [[Vendidad]]

;Other (2nd to 1st century BC)
;
*[[Pali literature]]: [[Tipitaka]]
*Tamil:[[Sangam literature]]
*Aramaic: [[Book of Daniel]]